Способность выживания возбудителя COVID-19 в водной среде (Обзор литературы)

Введение. В настоящей работе представлен обзор научных данных зарубежных и российских исследователей о возможных местах обитания возбудителя COVID-19, сведений о путях распространения инфекционного агента SARS-CoV-2 и принимаемых мерах по борьбе с ним в водной среде.

Цель настоящего обзора – определить возможность и особенности распространения через водную среду возбудителя COVID-19 с учётом степени достоверности получен­ных результатов и соответствия научных исследований критериям доказательной медицины.

Методы. Были найдены и проанализированы научные работы по поисковым электронным базам данных (Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, eLIBRARY и ResearchGate) согласно ключевым словам (COVID-19, wastewater, treatment facilities, river water). Из 109 источников авторами было отобрано 85 с учётом ключевых слов. После анализа избранной литературы в настоящий обзор было включено 55 источников в соответствии с темой работы.

Показано присутствие возбудителя COVID-19 в различных объектах окружающей среды: системах водоснабжения, сточных водах, поверхностных водах. Опре­делены методы детекции вирусных частиц SARS-CoV-2 на основе выявления штаммов других вирусов в объектах окружающей среды. Это позволило понять, что самостоятельное попадание вируса в экосистему происходит за счёт абсорбирования с различными фомитами. В обзоре представлены результаты работ, проведённых в ряде стран во время пандемии, подтверждающие присутствие возбудителя COVID-19 в речной воде. Часть исследований указывает на устойчивость вирусных частиц, присутствующих в объектах окружающей среды, к дезинфицирующим средствам, что, в свою очередь, определяет актуальность углублённых исследований с позиции обеспечения санитарно-проти­воэпидемического режима на станциях водоподготовки.

Выводы. Проведённый анализ мировых научных исследова­ний по теме новой коронавирусной инфекции позволил установить способность вируса выживать в водной среде урбанизированных территорий и выявить альтернативные пути распространения инфекционного агента в окружа­ющей среде. В современных условиях, в связи с невысокой эффективностью очистных сооружений канализации в от­ношении вирионов, существует риск распространения вируса SARS-CoV-2 в окружающей среде, что и обуславливает потенциальный риск возникновения коронавирусных инфекций. Полученные сведения позволят разработать новые профилактические меры по сохранности санитарно-гигиенического состояния водных объектов и санитарно-защит­ных зон. Внедрение в практику этих мер будет способствовать улучшению эпидемической ситуации в нашей стране.

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