Задержка роста в районах с дефицитом йода: как это влияет на психическое развитие детей до двух лет?

Введение. Почва, вода и растения, произрастающие в высокогорье, характеризуются очень низким содержанием йода. Местное население может испытывать дефицит йода, способный вызывать нарушения психического и физического развития у детей младше 5 лет.

Цель: оценить корреляции между характеристиками детей и их матерей и психическим развитием детей в возрасте до двух лет, проживающих в йододефицитных районах.

Материалы и методы. Проведено поперечное исследование в сельских районах индонезийского округа Магеланг с участием 46 респондентов для установления связи между восемью независимыми переменными, включая знания, образование, занятость и стиль воспитания матери, а также пол, истощение, недостаточный вес и задержка роста у детей, и психическим развитием детей в качестве зависимой переменной с использованием логистической регрессии.

Результаты. Двумерный анализ показал, что знания матери, а также мужской пол и задержка роста ребёнка коррелируют с психическим развитием детей младше двух лет (p < 0,05). Многомерный анализ продемонстрировал, что задержка роста оказывает значительное влияние на нарушения развития у детей.

Заключение. Вероятность задержки развития у детей младше двух лет, проживающих в районах с дефицитом йода, в 11,588 раз выше у детей с задержкой роста, чем без неё.

1. Improving early childhood development: WHO guideline. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. Accessed August 6, 2025. https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/331306/9789240002098-eng.pdf

2. Scott JA. The first 1000 days: A critical period of nutritional opportunity and vulnerability. Nutr Diet. 2020;77(3):295-297. doi: 10.1111/1747-0080.12617

3. Li Z, Kim R, Vollmer S, Subramanian SV. Factors associated with child stunting, wasting, and underweight in 35 low- and middle-income countries. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(4):e203386. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3386

4. Kusrini I, Farebrother J, Mulyantoro DK. Adequately iodized salt is an important strategy to prevent iodine insufficiency in pregnant women living in Central Java, Indonesia. PLoS One. 2020;15(11):e0242575. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242575

5. WHO. Iodine deficiency [Internet]. 2013. Accessed August 6, 2025. Available at: https://www.who.int/data/nutrition/nlis/info/iodine-deficiency

6. Iodine Adequacy Surveillance Report for Magelang Regency, Central Java, Indonesia, 2023. Accessed August 8, 2025. (In Indonesian.) https://labkesmasmagelang.go.id/projects/surveilans-gaki-di-kota-magelang/

7. Health Office. Health Profile of Magelang Regency, Central Java, Indonesia 2023. (In Indonesian.) Accessed August 8, 2025. https://dinkes.magelangkab.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/profil-kesehatan-kabupaten-magelang-2023.pdf

8. Paramesti HR, Indarjo S. Tumbuh kembang balita stunting usia 1-3 tahun melalui skrining Denver II. HIGEIA. 2024;8(1):111-123. (In Indonesian.) doi: 10.15294/higea.v8iI.64144

9. Beal T, Tumilowicz A, Sutrisna A, Izwardy D, Neufeld LM. A review of child stunting determinants in Indonesia. Matern Child Nutr. 2018;14(4):e12617. doi: 10.1111/mcn.12617

10. Kenyhercz F, Kósa K, Nagy BE. Perinatal, neonatal, developmental and demographic predictors of intelligence at 4 years of age among low birth weight children: A panel study with a 2-year follow-up. BMC Pediatr. 2022;22(1):88. doi: 10.1186/s12887-022-03156-x

11. Gilano G, Hailegebreal S, Sako S, et al. Understanding child wasting in Ethiopia: Cross-sectional analysis of 2019 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey data using generalized linear latent and mixed models. JMIR Public Heal Surveill. 2023;9:e39744. doi: 10.2196/39744

12. Ernawati F, Pusparini, Hardinsyah, Briawan D, Safitri A, Prihatini M. Effect of low linear growth and caregiving with poor psychosocial aspects on cognitive development of toddlers. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2020;66(Suppl):S76-S81. doi: 10.3177/jnsv.66.S76

13. Dabar D, Das R, Nagesh S, Yadav V, Mangal A. A community-based study on growth and development of under-five children in an urbanized village of South Delhi. J Trop Pediatr. 2016;62(6):446-456. doi: 10.1093/tropej/fmw026

14. Olson L, Kinnear M, Chen B, et al. Socioeconomic factors account for variability in language skills in preschoolers with autism spectrum disorders. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2021;42(2):101-108. doi: 10.1097/DBP.0000000000000870

15. Rinaldi P, Pasqualetti P, Volterra V, Caselli MC. Gender differences in early stages of language development. Some evidence and possible explanations. J Neurosci Res. 2023;101(5):643-653. doi: 10.1002/jnr.24914

16. Triharini M, Pradanie R, Sari DP. Motoric stimulation related to fine motoric development on child. J Ners. 2009;4(1):56-61. doi: 10.20473/jn.v4i1.5014

17. Sukamti S, Aticeh, Fauziah. Stimulasi dini pada pola asuh berdampak positif terhadap perkembangan anak bawah dua tahun. J Ilmu dan Teknol Kesehat. 2014;2(1):27- 35. (In Indonesian.) Accessed August 6, 2025. https://ejurnal.poltekkesjakarta3.ac.id/index.php/jitek/article/view/118

18. Atamou L, Rahmadiyah DC, Hassan H, Setiawan A. Analysis of the determinants of stunting among children aged below five years in stunting locus villages in Indonesia. Healthcare (Basel). 2023;11(6):810. doi: 10.3390/healthcare11060810

19. Darmawan A, Basry NR, Wahyuddin W. Mother’s knowledge and hygiene sanitation against stunting in toddlers. J Ris Kesehat. 2022;11(1):1-6. doi: 10.31983/jrk.v11i1.8060

20. Demirci A, Kartal M. The prevalence of developmental delay among children aged 3–60 months in Izmir, Turkey. Child Care Health Dev. 2016;42(2):213-219. doi: 10.1111/cch.12289

21. Wake SK, Zewotir T, Lulu K, Fissuh YH. Longitudinal trends and determinants of stunting among children aged 1–15 years. Arch Public Heal. 2023;81(1):60. doi: 10.1186/s13690-023-01090-7

22. Suciyanti D, Wangge G, Fahmida U, Supali T. Stunting among children in rural area of Indonesia: Five-year follow-up study. Curr Dev Nutr. 2021;5(Suppl 2):187. doi: 10.1093/cdn/nzab035_095

23. Ayun Q. Pola asuh orang tua dan metode pengasuhan dalam membentuk kepribadian anak. J Inov Pendidik Guru Raudhatul Athfal. 2017;5(1):102. (In Indonesian.) doi: 10.21043/thufula.v5i1.2421

24. Nurjannah. Design and guidelines for early stimulation to optimize toddler development in maritime communities in Kelurahan Lapulu Abeli Puskesmas working area in Kendari City. Med Leg Updat. 2020;20(4):609-613. doi: 10.37506/mlu.v20i4.1886

25. Hati FS, Lestari P. Pengaruh pemberian stimulasi pada perkembangan anak usia 12-36 bulan di Kecamatan Sedayu, Bantul. J Ners dan Kebidanan Indones. 2016;4(1):44-48. (In Indonesian.) doi: 10.21927/jnki.2016.4(1).44-48

26. Upadhyay RP, Taneja S, Strand TA, et al. Early child stimulation, linear growth and neurodevelopment in low birth weight infants. BMC Pediatr. 2022;22(1):586. doi: 10.1186/s12887-022-03579-6

27. Upadhyay RP, Taneja S, Ranjitkar S, et al. Factors determining cognitive, motor and language scores in low birth weight infants from North India. PLoS One. 2021;16(5):e0251387. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251387

28. Sudfeld CR, Bliznashka L, Ashery G, Yousafzai AK, Masanja H. Effect of a home-based health, nutrition and responsive stimulation intervention and conditional cash transfers on child development and growth: A cluster-randomised controlled trial in Tanzania. BMJ Glob Health. 2021;6(4):e005086. doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005086

29. Mustakim MRD, Irwanto, Irawan R, Irmawati M, Setyoboedi B. Impact of stunting on development of children between 1–3 years of age. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2022;32(3):569-578. doi: 10.4314/ejhs.v32i3.13

30. Wulandari EC, Wijayanti HS, Widyastuti N, Panunggal B, Ayustaningwarno F, Syauqy A. Hubungan stunting dengan keterlambatan perkembangan pada anak usia 6-24 bulan. J Nutr Coll. 2021;10(4):304-312. (In Indonesian.) doi: 10.14710/jnc.v10i4.31114

31. Ashar H, Kusrini I, Latifah L. Intervention strategy to increase growth and development for stunted children under two years with developmental delay. Eur J Mol Clin Med. 2020;07(10):280-292. Accessed July 22, 2025. https://scispace.com/pdf/intervention-strategy-to-increase-growth-and-development-for-2pvecf7sxu.pdf