Provision of Safe Drinking Water to the Local Population within the Clean Water Project Implemented in the Penza Region
https://doi.org/10.35627/2219-5238/2021-335-2-35-42
Abstract
Introduction: Drinking water from centralized drinking water supply systems is not always safe due to its natural pollution with various chemicals and microbiological contamination occurring in the distribution system. In this regard, the role of the service exercising governmental water quality surveillance is growing.
The purpose of the study was to assess the quality of drinking water and the associated health risk and to substantiate priority measures aimed at improving the quality of water in the centralized water supply systems of the region.
Materials and methods: We examined the results of drinking water quality testing performed within the implementation of sanitary and epidemiological surveillance and socio-hygienic monitoring and incidence rates in morbidity of population in 27 districts of the Penza Region and the regional center for the years 2014–2019. Health risks from oral exposures to waterborne chemicals were assessed in accordance with Guidelines R 2.1.10.1920–04. The statistical relationship was studied by the correlation method.
Results: We established that water quality in the centralized water supply systems fed by underground sources is determined by the chemical composition of the exploited aquifers that divide the territory of the Penza Region into four zones. The worst water quality was observed in the fourth zone where concentrations of natural iron, fluorides and boron in tap water were many times higher than their maximum permissible levels and the hazard quotient for fluorides exceeded the limit value (HQ = 2.845 for children and 1.219 for adults). In the third zone, iron posed the highest risks of diseases of mucosa and skin (HI = 0.296), the immune system (HI = 0.311), and hematopoietic system (H = 0.473) in children; we also established a strong correlation between the average annual concentration of iron in tap water and the incidence of genitourinary disorders, gastritis and duodenitis in the child population. Although the share of the population supplied with safe drinking water from centralized water supply systems increased from 86.5 % in 2014 to 89.4 % in 2019, the target set within the Regional Clean Water Project for 2019 was not achieved.
Conclusion: The study results were taken into account when making additions to the Regional Clean Water Project in 2020 envisaging construction of iron removal plants and water well drilling in areas with low fluorine levels.
About the Authors
V. V. VasilyevRussian Federation
Valery V. Vasilyev, D.M.Sc., Professor, Department for Hygiene, Public Health and Health Care
40 Krasnaya Street, Penza, 440026;
8A Stasov Street, Penza, 440060
T. V. Ryabinina
Russian Federation
Tamara V. Ryabinina, Candidate of Medical Sciences, Head Doctor
3 Marshal Krylov Street, Penza, 440026
M. V. Perekusihin
Russian Federation
Mihail V. Perekusihin, Chief, Office of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor) in the Penza Region
40 Krasnaya Street, Penza, 440026;
38 Lermontov Street, Penza, 440026
E. V. Vasilev
Russian Federation
Evgeny V. Vasilev, hygienist
3 Marshal Krylov Street, Penza, 440026
References
1. Ferrero G, Setty K, Rickert B, et al. Capacity building and training approaches for water safety plans: a comprehensive literature review. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2019; 222(4):615-627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.01.011
2. Kayser G, Loret JF, Setty K, et al. Water safety plans for water supply utilities in China, Cuba, France, Morocco and Spain: costs, benefits, and enabling environment elements. Urban Water J. 2019; 16(4):277-288. https://doi.org/10.1080/1573062X.2019.1669191
3. Li P, Wu J. Drinking water quality and public health. Expos Health. 2019; 11:73-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-019-00299-8
4. Setty K, O’Flaherty G, Enault J, et al. Assessing operational performance benefits of a Water Safety Plan implemented in Southwestern France. Perspect Public Health. 2018; 138(5):270-278. https://doi.org/10.1177/1757913918787846
5. Kempton MJ, Ettinger U, Foster R, et al. Dehydration affects brain structure and function in healthy adolescents. Hum Brain Mapp. 2011; 32(1):71-79. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20999
6. Mohod CV, Dhote J. Review of heavy metals in drinking water and their effect on human health. Int J Innov Res Sci Eng Technol. 2013; 2(7):2992-2996.
7. Kiku PF, Kislitsyna LV, Bogdanova VD, et al. Hygienic evaluation of the quality of drinking water and risks for the health of the population of the Primorye Territory. Gigiena i Sanitariya. 2019; 98(1):94–101. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.18821/00169900-2019-98-1-94-101
8. Anichkina NV. Fluoride in natural waters of the Oka-Don lowland and its impact on public health. Ratsional′noye Pitaniye, Pishchevyye Dobavki i Biostimulyatory. 2016; (2):12–20. (In Russian).
9. Trifonova TA, Martsev AA, Selivanov OG, et al. Fluorine content in water of centralized water supply of the Vladimir region. Gigiena i Sanitariya. 2019; 98(7):701706. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.18821/00169900-2019-98-7-701-706
10. Egorova NA, Kanatnikova NV. Effect of iron in drinking water on the morbidity rate in the population of the city of Orel. Gigiena i Sanitariya. 2017; 96(11):1049–1053. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.18821/00169900-2017-96-11-1049-1053
11. Jez-Walkowiak J, Dymaczewski Z, Szuster-Janiaczyk A, et al. Efficiency of Mn removal of different filtration materials for groundwater treatment linking chemical and physical properties. Water. 2017; 9(7), 498. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9070498
12. Manganese in Drinking-water. Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. World Health Organization, 2011. 21 p. Available at: https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/ chemicals/manganese.pdf/en/. Accessed: 12 Jan 2020.
13. Sultanov RR. [The risk of developing dental fluorosis in the regions of the Russian Federation [abstract].] Byulleten′ Meditsinskikh Internet-Konferentsii. 2016; 6(6):1108. (In Russian).
14. Fesenko MYe, Komar VM, Stasyuk AI. Status of neuropsychological development of children who consume drinking water with high fluorine content. Zdorov′ye Rebenka. 2011; (8(35)):58–60. (In Ukrainian).
15. Soldatova E, Sun Z, Maier S, et al. Shallow groundwater quality and associated non-cancer health risk in agricultural areas (Poyang Lake basin, China). Environ Geochem Health. 2018; 40:2223-2242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-018-0094-z
16. Baydakova EV, Unguryanu TN, Krutskaya KV, et al. Quality of drinking water and epidemic risk of waterborn infections in towns of the Arkhangelsk region. Ekologiya Cheloveka [Human Ecology]. 2019; (5):15–20. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.33396/17280869-2019-5-15-20
17. Ashbolt NJ. Microbial contamination of drinking water and human health from community water systems. Curr Environ Health Rpt. 2015; 2:95-106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-014-0037-5
18. Abebe L, Karon AJ, Koltun AJ, et al. Microbial contamination of non-household drinking water sources: a systematic review. J Water Sanit Hyg Dev. 2018; 8(3):374-385. https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2018.080
19. Ahmed T, Scholz M, Al-Faraj F, et al. Water-related impacts of climate change on agriculture and subsequently on public health: A review for generalists with particular reference to Pakistan. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016; 13(11):1051. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13111051
20. Hrudey SE, Backer LC, Humpage AR, et al. Evaluating evidence for association of human bladder cancer with drinking-water chlorination disinfection by-products. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev. 2015; 18(5):213241. https://doi.org/10.1080/10937404.2015.10 67661
21. Ceretti E, Moretti M, Zerbini I, et al. Occurrence and control of genotoxins in drinking water: a monitoring proposal. J Public Health Res. 2016; 5(3):769. https://doi.org/10.4081/jphr.2016.769
22. Sboev AS, Romanenko CV. Analysis of the impact of organochlorine compounds contained in the water network of the domestic water supply on the health of population in cities of the Perm Krai. Gigiena i Sanitariya. 2016; 95(1):14–17. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2016-95-1-14-17
23. Pawari MJ, Gawande S. Ground water pollution & its consequence. Int J Eng Res Gen Sci. 2015; 3(4):773-776.
24. Baum R, Bartram J. A systematic literature review of the enabling environment elements to improve implementation of water safety plans in high-income countries. J Water Health. 2018; 16(1):14-24. https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2017.175.
25. Water, sanitation and hygiene. Monitoring of water supply and sanitation. World Health Organization. Available at: https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/monitoring/ru/ Accessed: 20 Aug 2020.
26. Strengthening drinking-water surveillance using risk-based approaches. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2019. World Health Organization. Available at: https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/environment-and-health/water-and-anitation/publications/2019/strengthening-drinking-watersurveillance-using-risk-based-approaches-2019. Accessed: 20 Aug 2020.
27. Surveillance and outbreak management of water-related infectious diseases associated with water-supply systems. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2019. World Health Organization. Available at: https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/environment-and-health/water-and-sanitation/publications/2019/surveillanceand-outbreak-management-of-water-related-infectiousdiseases-associated-with-water-supply-systems-2019. Accessed: 20 Aug 2020.
28. dos Santos CC, Santos EL, Goncalves F. Evaluation of contaminants in fluorosilicic acid used for public water fluoridation in the Santos region, Brazil. Water Supply. 2017; 17(4):921-928. https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2016.191
29. Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, 3rd edition: Volume 1 – Recommendations. Incorporating first and second addenda. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2008. 668 p. Available at: https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/gdwq3rev/en/. Accessed: 20 Aug 2020.
30. Verbitskaya GV. [Experimental and field studies of boron-containing drinking water quality.] Gigiena i Sanitariya. 1975; (7):49–53. (In Russian).
31. Boron in drinking-water. Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2003. Available at: https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/boron.pdf. Accessed: 20 Aug 2020.
32. Kiku PF, Kislitsina LV, Bogdanova VD, et al. Risk assessment sanitary-chemical indicators of water for the population of the Khasan district in Primorsky Krai. Ekologiya Cheloveka [Human Ecology]. 2018; (6):12-17. (In Russian).
33. Zaitseva NV, Sboev AS, Kleyn SV, et al. Drinking water quality: health risk factors and efficiency of control and surveillance activities by Rospotrebnadzor. Health Risk Analysis. 2019; (2):44-55. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.21668/health.risk/2019.2.05
Review
For citations:
Vasilyev V.V., Ryabinina T.V., Perekusihin M.V., Vasilev E.V. Provision of Safe Drinking Water to the Local Population within the Clean Water Project Implemented in the Penza Region. Public Health and Life Environment – PH&LE. 2021;(2):35-42. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.35627/2219-5238/2021-335-2-35-42