Роль пищевых факторов в профилактике возрастных когнитивных расстройств: описательный обзор литературы

Введение. В настоящее время не существует эффективных фармацевтических методов лечения возрастных когнитивных нарушений и деменции, поэтому важную роль играет их профилактика.

Цель исследования: обобщение опубликованных данных, посвященных оценке влияния различных пищевых факторов на когнитивное функционирование и ассоциированных с ним патологических процессов.

Материалы и методы. Поиск публикаций проводился в электронных базах данных MEDLINE и Google Scholar. Глубина поиска составила 36 лет. Авторы отобрали 72 исследования, содержащих эмпирическую оценку роли пищевых факторов в профилактике возрастных когнитивных расстройств. Выполнен описательный анализ отобранных источников.

Результаты. Выявлено, что избыточное потребление свободных и рафинированных сахаров ассоциировано с ухудшением когнитивных показателей; повышенное потребление омега-3 ПНЖК связано со снижением риска возрастного когнитивного ухудшения, а насыщенных жиров – с повышенным риском. Показана связь высокого потребления белка с лучшими когнитивными исходами и положительная роль тирозина/триптофана на память и скорость реакции, высокое их потребление ассоциировано с меньшим риском когнитивного снижения и болезнью Альцгеймера; механизм – снижение оксидативного стресса; дефицит витамина D связан с повышенным риском когнитивных нарушений; достаточное употребление полифенолов демонстрирует нейропротекторные, нейропластические и противовоспалительные эффекты. Приверженность диетам оказывает влияние на когнитивный исход: средиземноморская диета связана с более низким риском легких когнитивных нарушений и болезни Альцгеймера; диета «Mediterranean-DASH Diet Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay» разработана учеными с целью снижения риска когнитивных нарушений, замедления старения мозга и предотвращения развития болезни Альцгеймера; кетогенная/низкоуглеводная диета способствует улучшению памяти; «Западная» диета ассоциирована с ускоренным когнитивным снижением и повышенным риском деменции; усиливает воспаление и сосудисто-метаболические факторы риска.

Заключение. В целом можно заключить, что подавляющее количество исследований свидетельствует о потенциальной пользе потребления определенных микроэлементов для когнитивного здоровья и снижения риска возрастных когнитивных нарушений в различных группах населения. Изменение образа жизни (модифицируемые факторы), и в первую очередь питания, является ключевой стратегией поддержания здоровья мозга в процессе старения.

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