<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">sredob</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Здоровье населения и среда обитания – ЗНиСО</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Public Health and Life Environment – PH&amp;LE</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2219-5238</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-0788</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ФБУЗ ФЦГиЭ Роспотребнадзора</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.35627/2219-5238/2022-30-3-66-71</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">sredob-874</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭПИДЕМИОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>EPIDEMIOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Резистентность к антибиотикам экологических изолятов Vibrio cholerae nonO1/nonO139</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Antibiotic resistance of surface water Vibrio cholerae non-O1/non-O139 isolates</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8249-6577</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тришина</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Trishina</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Тришина Алёна Викторовна – к.б.н., старший научный сотрудник лаборатории биологической безопасности и лечения ООИ</p><p>ул. М. Горького, д. 117/40, г. Ростов-на-Дону, 344002</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alena V. Trishina, Cand. Sci. (Biol.), Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Biological Safety and Treatment</p><p>117/40 Maxim Gorky Street, Rostov-on-Don, 344002</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">labbiobez@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9416-2291</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Березняк</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bereznyak</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Березняк Елена Александровна – к.б.н., старший научный сотрудник лаборатории биологической безопасности и лечения ООИ</p><p>ул. М. Горького, д. 117/40, г. Ростов-на-Дону, 344002</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena A. Bereznyak, Cand. Sci. (Biol.), Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Biological Safety and Treatment</p><p>117/40 Maxim Gorky Street, Rostov-on-Don, 344002</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">labbiobez@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4254-3313</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ежова</surname><given-names>М. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ezhova</surname><given-names>M. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ежова Мария Ивановна – научный сотрудник лаборатории микробиологии холеры</p><p>ул. М. Горького, д. 117/40, г. Ростов-на-Дону, 344002</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Maria I. Ezhova, Researcher, Laboratory of Cholera Microbiology</p><p>117/40 Maxim Gorky Street, Rostov-on-Don, 344002</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mari-ezho@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7154-8319</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Березняк</surname><given-names>Ю. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bereznyak</surname><given-names>Yu. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Березняк Юрий Львович – к.б.н., доцент, заведующий кафедрой физики</p><p>пер. Нахичеванский, д. 29, г. Ростов-на-Дону, 344022</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yury L. Bereznyak, Cand. Sci. (Biol.), Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Physics</p><p>29 Nakhichevansky Lane, Rostov-on-Don, 344022</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">y_ber@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4059-2878</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чемисова</surname><given-names>О. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chemisova</surname><given-names>O. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Чемисова Ольга Сергеевна – к.б.н., исполняющий обязанности заведующего музеем живых культур с ЦПВ</p><p>ул. М. Горького, д. 117/40, г. Ростов-на-Дону, 344002</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga S. Chemisova, Cand. Sci. (Biol.), Acting Head of the Museum of Living Cultures with the Center for Pathogenic Vibrio Species</p><p>117/40 Maxim Gorky Street, Rostov-on-Don, 344002</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">chemisova@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФКУЗ «Ростовский-на-Дону научно-исследовательский противочумный институт» Роспотребнадзора</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Rostov-on-Don Anti-Plague Research Institute</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Ростовский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Rostov State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>14</day><month>04</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>66</fpage><lpage>71</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Тришина А.В., Березняк Е.А., Ежова М.И., Березняк Ю.Л., Чемисова О.С., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Тришина А.В., Березняк Е.А., Ежова М.И., Березняк Ю.Л., Чемисова О.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Trishina A.V., Bereznyak E.A., Ezhova M.I., Bereznyak Y.L., Chemisova O.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://zniso.fcgie.ru/jour/article/view/874">https://zniso.fcgie.ru/jour/article/view/874</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Штаммы V. cholerae non-О1/non-О139 являются этиологическими агентами острых кишечных инфекций различной степени тяжести. Мониторинг антибактериальной лекарственной устойчивости их экологических изолятов, циркулирующих в конкретных районах, имеет большое значение для локального прогнозирования и профилактики заболеваний, а также для эффективного выбора препаратов для этиотропной терапии.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: изучить антибактериальную лекарственную устойчивость штаммов V. cholerae non-O1/non-O139, выделенных из проб поверхностных вод в рамках ежегодного мониторинга холеры в Референс-центре Ростовского-на-Дону противочумного НИИ в 2019–2020 гг.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы: мы протестировали 263 и 87 штаммов V. cholerae non-O1/non-O139, выделенных из проб поверхностных вод в 2019 и 2020 годах, соответственно, на чувствительность и/или устойчивость к антибактериальным препаратам, рекомендованным для экстренной профилактики и лечения холеры, методом серийных разведений в агаре Мюллера – Хинтона.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты и обсуждение</title><p>Результаты и обсуждение. Все изоляты представляли собой типичные нетоксигенные штаммы V. cholerae, содержащие гены hlyA и лишенные генов wbe-, wbf-, ctxA, tcpA-. При сравнении годовых долей видов Vibrio cholerae, устойчивых к разным антибиотикам, мы наблюдали статистически значимые изменения доли штаммов, резистентных к ампициллину (с 39,2 до 98,8 %), цефотаксиму (с 1,5 до 5,7 %), рифампицину (31,2 до 8,0 %). Все исследованные вибрионы оставались чувствительными к гентамицину и доксициклину. Данные за 2019–2020 годы свидетельствуют о статистическом увеличении доли штаммов с множественной лекарственной устойчивостью.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Наши результаты подтверждают необходимость дальнейших мониторинговых исследований для понимания распространенности устойчивости к антибактериальным препаратам среди штаммов V. cholerae, отличных от O1/ отличных от O-139.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction: V. cholerae non-O1/non-O139 strains are etiological agents of acute intestinal infections of various severity. Monitoring of antibacterial drug resistance of their environmental isolates circulating in specific areas is of great importance for local disease prediction and prevention as well as for an effective choice of drugs for etiotropic therapy.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective: To study antibacterial drug resistance of V. cholerae non-O1/non-O139 strains isolated from surface water samples within the annual monitoring of cholera at the Reference Center of the Rostov-on-Don Anti-Plague Research Institute in 2019–2020.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods: We tested 263 and 87 V. cholerae non-O1/non-O139 strains isolated from surface water samples in the years 2019 and 2020, respectively, for susceptibility and/or resistance to antibacterial drugs recommended for emergency cholera prevention and treatment using the method of serial dilutions in Mueller–Hinton agar.</p></sec><sec><title>Results and discussion</title><p>Results and discussion: All the isolates were typical non-toxigenic V. cholerae strains containing hlyA genes and lacking wbe-, wbf-, ctxA, tcpA- ones. When comparing the annual proportions of Vibrio cholerae species resistant to different antibiotics, we observed statistically significant changes in the share of those resistant to ampicillin (from 39.2 % to 98.8 %), cefotaxime (from 1.5 % to 5.7 %), and rifampicin (from 31.2 % to 8.0 %). All the studied vibrios remained susceptible to gentamicin and doxycyicline. The data for 2019–2020 indicate a statistical increase in the proportion of multidrug-resistant strains.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion: Our findings substantiate the necessity of further monitoring studies to understand the spread of antibacterial drug resistance among V. cholerae non-O1/nonO-139 strains.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Vibrio cholerae non-O1/non-O139</kwd><kwd>чувствительность</kwd><kwd>резистентность</kwd><kwd>мониторинг</kwd><kwd>антибактериальные препараты</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Vibrio cholerae non-O1/non-O139</kwd><kwd>NOVC</kwd><kwd>sensitivity</kwd><kwd>resistance</kwd><kwd>monitoring</kwd><kwd>antibacterial drugs</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Petsaris O, Nousbaum JB, Quilici ML, Le Coadou G, Payan C, Abalain ML. Non-O1, non-O139 Vibrio cholerae bacteraemia in a cirrhotic patient. J Med Microbiol. 2010;59(Pt10):1260-1262. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.021014-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Petsaris O, Nousbaum JB, Quilici ML, Le Coadou G, Payan C, Abalain ML. Non-O1, non-O139 Vibrio cholerae bacteraemia in a cirrhotic patient. J Med Microbiol. 2010;59(Pt10):1260-1262. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.021014-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lan NP, Nga TV, Yen NT, et al. Two cases of bacteriemia caused by nontoxigenic, non-O1, non-O139 Vibrio cholerae isolates in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. J Clin Microbiol. 2014;52(10):3819-3821. doi: 10.1128/JCM.01915-14</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lan NP, Nga TV, Yen NT, et al. Two cases of bacteriemia caused by nontoxigenic, non-O1, non-O139 Vibrio cholerae isolates in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. J Clin Microbiol. 2014;52(10):3819-3821. doi: 10.1128/JCM.01915-14</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Монахова Е.В., Архангельская И.В. Холерные вибрионы нео1/нео139 серогрупп в этиологии острых кишечных инфекций: современная ситуация в России и в мире // Проблемы особо опасных инфекций. 2016. № 2. С. 14–23. doi: 10.21055/0370-1069-2016-2-14-23</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Monakhova EV, Arkhangel’skaya IV. Cholera vibrios of nonO1/nonO139 serogroups in etiology of acute intestinal infections: Current situation in Russia and around the world. Problemy Osobo Opasnykh Infektsiy. 2016;(2):14-23. (In Russ.) doi: 10.21055/0370-1069-2016-2-14-23</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Архангельская И.В., Непомнящая Н.Б., Левченко Д.А. Внекишечные заболевания, вызванные холерными вибрионами неО1/неО139 серогрупп в России // Инфекционные болезни в современном мире: эпидемиология, диагностика, лечение и профилактика: Сборник трудов XII Ежегодного Всероссийского интернет-конгресса по инфекционным болезням с международным участием, Москва, 07–09 сентября 2020 года / Под ред. В.И. Покровского. Москва: Общество с ограниченной ответственностью „Медицинское Маркетинговое Агентство”, 2020. С. 19.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arhangelskaya IV, Nepomnyashchaya NB, Levchenko DA. [Extraintestinal diseases caused by Vibrio cholerae non-O1/non-O139 serogroups in Russia.] In: Infectious Diseases in the Modern World: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention: Proceedings of the XII Annual All-Russian Internet Congress on Infectious Diseases with international participation, Moscow, September 7-9, 2020. Pokrovsky VI, ed. Moscow: Medical Marketing Agency Publ.; 2020:19. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dutta D, Chowdhury G, Pazhani GP, et al. Vibrio cholera non-O1, non-O139 serogroups and cholera-like diarrhea, Kolkata, India. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(3):464-467. doi: 10.3201/eid1903.121156</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dutta D, Chowdhury G, Pazhani GP, et al. Vibrio cholera non-O1, non-O139 serogroups and cholera-like diarrhea, Kolkata, India. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(3):464-467. doi: 10.3201/eid1903.121156</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baker-Austin C, Trinanes JA, Taylor NGH, Hartnell R, Siitonen A, Martinez-Urtaza J. Emerging Vibrio risk at high latitudes in response to ocean warming. Nat Clim Change. 2013;3:73-77. doi: 10.1038/nclimate1628</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baker-Austin C, Trinanes JA, Taylor NGH, Hartnell R, Siitonen A, Martinez-Urtaza J. Emerging Vibrio risk at high latitudes in response to ocean warming. Nat Clim Change. 2013;3:73-77. doi: 10.1038/nclimate1628</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marinello S, Marini G, Parisi G, et al. Vibrio cholerae non-O1, non-O139 bacteraemia associated with pneumonia, Italy 2016. Infection. 2017;45(2):237-240. doi: 10.1007/s15010-016-0961-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marinello S, Marini G, Parisi G, et al. Vibrio cholerae non-O1, non-O139 bacteraemia associated with pneumonia, Italy 2016. Infection. 2017;45(2):237-240. doi: 10.1007/s15010-016-0961-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen YT, Tang HJ, Chao CM, Lai CC. Clinical manifestations of non-O1 Vibrio cholerae infections. PLoS One. 2015;10(1):e0116904. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116904</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen YT, Tang HJ, Chao CM, Lai CC. Clinical manifestations of non-O1 Vibrio cholerae infections. PLoS One. 2015;10(1):e0116904. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116904</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dobrović K, Rudman F, Ottaviani D, Šestan Crnek S, Leoni F, Škrlin J. A rare case of necrotizing fasciitis caused by Vibrio cholerae O8 in an immunocompetent patient. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2016;128(19-20):728-730. doi: 10.1007/s00508-016-1060-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dobrović K, Rudman F, Ottaviani D, Šestan Crnek S, Leoni F, Škrlin J. A rare case of necrotizing fasciitis caused by Vibrio cholerae O8 in an immunocompetent patient. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2016;128(19-20):728-730. doi: 10.1007/s00508-016-1060-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kechker P, Senderovich Y, Ken-Dror S, Laviad-Shitrit S, Arakawa E, Halpern M. Otitis media caused by V. cholerae O100: A case report and review of the literature. Front Microbiol. 2017;8:1619. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01619</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kechker P, Senderovich Y, Ken-Dror S, Laviad-Shitrit S, Arakawa E, Halpern M. Otitis media caused by V. cholerae O100: A case report and review of the literature. Front Microbiol. 2017;8:1619. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01619</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chowdhury G, Joshi S, Bhattacharya S, et al. Extraintestinal infections caused by non-toxigenic Vibrio cholerae non-O1/non-O139. Front Microbiol. 2016;7:144. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00144</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chowdhury G, Joshi S, Bhattacharya S, et al. Extraintestinal infections caused by non-toxigenic Vibrio cholerae non-O1/non-O139. Front Microbiol. 2016;7:144. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00144</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhu HZ, Zhang ZF, Zhou N, et al. Diversity, distribution and co-occurrence patterns of bacterial communities in a karst cave system. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:1726. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01726</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhu HZ, Zhang ZF, Zhou N, et al. Diversity, distribution and co-occurrence patterns of bacterial communities in a karst cave system. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:1726. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01726</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Das B, Chaudhuri S, Srivastava R, Nair GB, Ramamurthy T. Fostering research into antimicrobial resistance in India. BMJ. 2017;358:j3535. doi: 10.1136/bmj.j3535</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Das B, Chaudhuri S, Srivastava R, Nair GB, Ramamurthy T. Fostering research into antimicrobial resistance in India. BMJ. 2017;358:j3535. doi: 10.1136/bmj.j3535</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Verma J, Bag S, Saha B, et al. Genomic plasticity associated with antimicrobial resistance in Vibrio cholerae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019;116(13):6226-6231. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1900141116</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Verma J, Bag S, Saha B, et al. Genomic plasticity associated with antimicrobial resistance in Vibrio cholerae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019;116(13):6226-6231. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1900141116</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kitaoka M, Miyata ST, Unterweger D, Pukatzki S. Antibiotic resistance mechanisms of Vibrio cholerae. J Med Microbiol. 2011;60(Pt 4):397-407. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.023051-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kitaoka M, Miyata ST, Unterweger D, Pukatzki S. Antibiotic resistance mechanisms of Vibrio cholerae. J Med Microbiol. 2011;60(Pt 4):397-407. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.023051-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mala W, Faksri K, Samerpitak K, et al. Antimicrobial resistance and genetic diversity of the SXT element in Vibrio cholerae from clinical and environmental water samples in northeastern Thailand. Infect Genet Evol. 2017;52:89-95. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.04.013</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mala W, Faksri K, Samerpitak K, et al. Antimicrobial resistance and genetic diversity of the SXT element in Vibrio cholerae from clinical and environmental water samples in northeastern Thailand. Infect Genet Evol. 2017;52:89-95. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.04.013</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Das B, Verma J, Kumar P, Ghosh A, Ramamurthy T. Antibiotic resistance in Vibrio cholerae: Understanding the ecology of resistance genes and mechanisms. Vaccine. 2020;38 Suppl 1:A83-A92. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.06.031</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Das B, Verma J, Kumar P, Ghosh A, Ramamurthy T. Antibiotic resistance in Vibrio cholerae: Understanding the ecology of resistance genes and mechanisms. Vaccine. 2020;38 Suppl 1:A83-A92. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.06.031</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grennia P., Anconab V., Caraccioloa A.B. Ecological effects of antibiotics on natural ecosystems: A review. Microchemical Journal. 2018;136:25-39. doi: 10.1016/j.microc.2017.02.006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grennia P., Anconab V., Caraccioloa A.B. Ecological effects of antibiotics on natural ecosystems: A review. Microchemical Journal. 2018;136:25-39. doi: 10.1016/j.microc.2017.02.006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Авдеева Е.П., Мазрухо Б.Л., Ишина Е.В. и др. Оценка метода серологической идентификации Vibrio cholerae не О1 // Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии. 2001. № 4. С. 75–78.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Avdeeva EP, Mazruho BL, Ishina EV, et al. Evaluation of the method of serological identification of nonO1 Vibrio cholerae isolates. Zhurnal Mikrobiologii, Epidemiologii i Immunobiologii. 2001;(4):75-78. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baquero F, Martínez JL, Cantón R. Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance in water environments. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2008;19(3):260-265. doi: 10.1016/j.copbio.2008.05.006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baquero F, Martínez JL, Cantón R. Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance in water environments. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2008;19(3):260-265. doi: 10.1016/j.copbio.2008.05.006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Березняк Е.А., Тришина А.В., Архангельская И.В., Симонова И.Р., Чемисова О.С. Антибиотикочувствительность холерных вибрионов nonО1/nonО139 серогрупп, изолированных из гидроэкосистем в 2016–2018 гг. // Здоровье населения и среда обитания. 2020. № 5(326). С. 52–56. doi: 10.35627/2219-5238/2020-326-5-52-56</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bereznyak EA, Trishina AV, Arkhangelskaya IV, Simonova IR, Chemisova OS. Antibiotic sensitivity of Vibrio cholerae non-O1/non-O139 serogroups isolated from aquatic ecosystems. Zdorov’e Naseleniya i Sreda Obitaniya. 2020;(5(326)):52-56. (In Russ.) doi: 10.35627/2219-5238/2020-326-5-52-56</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Утепова И.Б., Сагиев З.А., Алыбаев С.Д. и др. Характеристика штаммов холерных вибрионов, выделенных на территории Казахстана // Acta Biomedica Scientifica. 2017. Т. 2. № 5(1). С. 100–105. doi: 10.12737/article_59e8597494f893.97278235</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Utepova IB, Sagiyev ZA, Alybayev SD, et al. Characteristics of cholera strains isolated in Kazakhstan. Acta Biomedica Scientifica. 2017;2(5-1):100105. (In Russ.) doi: 10.12737/article_59e8597494f893.97278235</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Siriphap A, Leekitcharoenphon P, Kaas RS, et al. Characterization and genetic variation of Vibrio cholerae isolated from clinical and environmental sources in Thailand. PLoS One. 2017;12(1):e0169324. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169324</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Siriphap A, Leekitcharoenphon P, Kaas RS, et al. Characterization and genetic variation of Vibrio cholerae isolated from clinical and environmental sources in Thailand. PLoS One. 2017;12(1):e0169324. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169324</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eibach D, Herrera-León S, Gil H, et al. Molecular epidemiology and antibiotic susceptibility of Vibrio cholerae associated with a large cholera outbreak in Ghana in 2014. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016;10(5):e0004751. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004751</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eibach D, Herrera-León S, Gil H, et al. Molecular epidemiology and antibiotic susceptibility of Vibrio cholerae associated with a large cholera outbreak in Ghana in 2014. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016;10(5):e0004751. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004751</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marin MA, Thompson CC, Freitas FS, et al. Cholera outbreaks in Nigeria are associated with multidrug resistant atypical El Tor and non-O1/non-O139 Vibrio cholerae. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013;7(2):e2049. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002049</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marin MA, Thompson CC, Freitas FS, et al. Cholera outbreaks in Nigeria are associated with multidrug resistant atypical El Tor and non-O1/non-O139 Vibrio cholerae. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013;7(2):e2049. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002049</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bassetti M, Peghin M, Pecori D. The management of multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2016;29(6):583-594. doi: 10.1097/QCO.0000000000000314</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bassetti M, Peghin M, Pecori D. The management of multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2016;29(6):583-594. doi: 10.1097/QCO.0000000000000314</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Березняк Е.А., Тришина А.В., Веркина Л.М., Полеева М.В., Симонова И.Р., Бареева А.Е. Изучение видового разнообразия и антибиотикорезистентности микрофлоры водоемов г. Ростова-на-Дону // Гигиена и санитария. 2018. Т. 97. № 5. С. 405–410. doi: 10.18821/0016-9900-2018-97-5-405-410</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bereznyak EA, Trishina AV, Verkina LM, Poleeva MV, Simonova IR, Bareeva AE. Study of species diversity and antimicrobial resistance of microflora of the Rostov-on-Don water bodies. Gigiena i Sanitariya. 2018;97(5):405-410. (In Russ.) doi: 10.18821/0016-9900-2018-97-5-405-410</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Das B, Verma J, Kumar P, Ghosh A, Ramamurthy T. Antibiotic resistance in Vibrio cholerae: Understanding the ecology of resistance genes and mechanisms. Vaccine. 2020;38 Suppl 1:A83-A92. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.06.031</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Das B, Verma J, Kumar P, Ghosh A, Ramamurthy T. Antibiotic resistance in Vibrio cholerae: Understanding the ecology of resistance genes and mechanisms. Vaccine. 2020;38 Suppl 1:A83-A92. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.06.031</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
