sredobЗдоровье населения и среда обитания – ЗНиСОPublic Health and Life Environment – PH&LE2219-52382619-0788ФБУЗ ФЦГиЭ Роспотребнадзора10.35627/2219-5238/2021-29-12-17-29sredob-6Research ArticleМЕДИЦИНА ТРУДАOCCUPATIONAL MEDICINEПрофилактика сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний на предприятии: систематический обзорWorkplace Interventions Aimed to Reduce the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Reviewhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3076-7934ГариповаФ. Г.GaripovaF. G.

Гарипова Фарида Габдулхаевна – преподаватель департамента экономики, эксперт

ул. Кантемировская, д. 3а, г. Санкт-Петербург, 194100

Farida G. Garipova, lecturer, Department of Economics, Expert

3A Kantemirovskaya Street, Saint Petersburg, 194100

fgaripova@hse.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9483-0958ХабибуллинаА. Р.KhabibullinaA. R.

Хабибуллина Алина Ришатовна – преподаватель департамента экономики, младший научный сотрудник

ул. Кантемировская, д. 3а, г. Санкт-Петербург, 194100

Alina R. Khabibullina, lecturer, Department of Economics, Junior Research Fellow

3A Kantemirovskaya Street, Saint Petersburg, 194100

khabibullina@hse.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7067-5087АлександроваЕ. А.AleksandrovaE. A.

Александрова Екатерина Александровна – кандидат экономических наук, доцент департамента экономики, руководитель

ул. Кантемировская, д. 3а, г. Санкт-Петербург, 194100

Ekaterina A. Aleksandrova, Cand. Sci. (Econ.), Associate Professor, Department of Economics, Head

3A Kantemirovskaya Street, Saint Petersburg, 194100

ea.aleksandrova@hse.ruМеждународный центр экономики, управления и политики в области здоровья, НИУ «Высшая школа экономики»РоссияInternational Center for Health Economics, Management and Policy, Higher School of EconomicsRussian Federation2021151220211121729Copyright © Гарипова Ф.Г., Хабибуллина А.Р., Александрова Е.А., 20212021Гарипова Ф.Г., Хабибуллина А.Р., Александрова Е.А.Garipova F.G., Khabibullina A.R., Aleksandrova E.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://zniso.fcgie.ru/jour/article/view/6Введение

Введение. Первичная профилактика сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний на рабочем месте может иметь значимый эффект в снижении человеческих и трудовых потерь.

Цель

Цель: обобщить и систематизировать результаты научных исследований о влиянии профилактических мероприятий, организованных на рабочем месте, для снижения риска заболеваемости сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний.

Материалы и методы

Материалы и методы. Систематический обзор научных исследований осуществлен на английском и русском языках в базах данных PubMed и Web of Science. Авторы отобрали 41 исследование, содержащее эмпирическую оценку эффективности профилактических программ на рабочем месте в краткосрочном и долгосрочном периоде. Результаты исследований систематизированы по типам интервенций.

Результаты

Результаты. Образовательные программы имеют противоречивые признаки профилактического эффекта возникновения рисков ССЗ, ассоциированные с показателями крови и лишнего веса. Схожие результаты имеют комплексные программы по формированию здорового образа жизни, однако в программах, где физической активности отводилось особое внимание, наблюдается положительный эффект, проявляющийся в снижении рисков ССЗ. Программы повышения физической активности показывают значимый эффект на индикаторы, связанные с весом сотрудников, и позволяют улучшить показатели артериального давления, липопротеинов высокой плотности, общего холестерина, но эффект неустойчив во времени. Эргономические мероприятия и ротация смен не продемонстрировали надежных доказательств влияния на снижение риска ССЗ.

Заключение

Заключение. Понимание эффективности профилактических программ поможет работодателям и государству определить необходимые действия для снижения ущерба, связанного с ССЗ, и принять правильные решения в области охраны здоровья и социальной защиты.

Introduction

Introduction: Primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases in the workplace can have a considerable effect on reducing human and labor losses.

Objective

Objective: To summarize and to systematize the results of academic studies on workplace interventions to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

Materials and methods

Materials and methods: We conducted a systematic review of academic studies published in English and Russian and uploaded to PubMed и Web of Science. We selected 41 studies containing empirical assessments of the effectiveness of both short-term and long-term prevention programmes in the workplace and grouped them by intervention types.

Results

Results: Education programmes have controversial signs of a cardiovascular risk preventive effect associated with blood and weight parameters. Comprehensive programmes aimed to form a healthy lifestyle show similar results, whereas the programmes aimed to increase physical activity of employees proved their effectiveness in reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases through normalizing the body weight, blood pressure, high density lipoprotein and total cholesterol levels; yet, these results had only a short-term effect. Ergonomics-related interventions and shift rotation failed to demonstrate strong evidence of the potential to lower the risk of heart diseases.

Conclusion

Conclusion: Understanding the effectiveness of prevention programs will help employers and governments to identify necessary interventions to reduce losses related to cardiovascular diseases and to make the right health and social protection decisions.

сердечно-сосудистые заболеванияпрофилактическое вмешательствоздоровый образ жизнифизическая активностьэргономикасотрудникипервичная профилактикаcardiovascular diseasesinterventionhealthy lifestylephysical activityergonomicsemployeesprimary preventionReferencesRoth GA, Mensah GA, Johnson CO, et al. GBD-NHLBI-JACC Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases Writing Group. Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors, 1990–2019: Update from the GBD 2019 study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76(25):2982–3021. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.010Roth GA, Mensah GA, Johnson CO, et al. GBD-NHLBI-JACC Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases Writing Group. Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors, 1990–2019: Update from the GBD 2019 study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76(25):2982–3021. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.010Shanthi M, Pekka P, Norrving B, World Health Organization, World Heart Federation, et al. Global Atlas on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Control. Geneva: WHO; 2011. Accessed March 23, 2021. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/44701Shanthi M, Pekka P, Norrving B, World Health Organization, World Heart Federation, et al. Global Atlas on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Control. Geneva: WHO; 2011. Accessed March 23, 2021. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/44701Boitsov SA, Pogosova NV, Bubnova MG, et al. Cardiovascular Prevention 2017. National Guidelines. Rossiyskiy Kardiologicheskiy Zhurnal. 2018;23(6):7–122. (In Russ.) doi: 10.15829/1560-4071-2018-6-7-122Boitsov SA, Pogosova NV, Bubnova MG, et al. Cardiovascular Prevention 2017. National Guidelines. Rossiyskiy Kardiologicheskiy Zhurnal. 2018;23(6):7–122. (In Russ.) doi: 10.15829/1560-4071-2018-6-7-122Vishnevsky АG, Andreev EM, Timonin SA. Mortality from cardiovascular diseases and life expectancy in Russia. Demograficheskoe Obozrenie. 2016;3(1):6–34. (In Russ.) doi: 10.17323/demreview.v3i1.1761Vishnevsky АG, Andreev EM, Timonin SA. Mortality from cardiovascular diseases and life expectancy in Russia. Demograficheskoe Obozrenie. 2016;3(1):6–34. (In Russ.) doi: 10.17323/demreview.v3i1.1761Rasmussen B, Sweeny K, Sheehan P. Economic Costs of Absenteeism, Presenteeism and Early Retirement Due to Ill Health: A Focus on Indonesia. Report to the US Chamber of Commerce. Melbourne: Victoria Institute of Strategic Economic Studies, Victoria University; 2016. Accessed March 23, 2021. https://www.uschamber.com/assets/archived/images/documents/files/indonesia_study_.pdfRasmussen B, Sweeny K, Sheehan P. Economic Costs of Absenteeism, Presenteeism and Early Retirement Due to Ill Health: A Focus on Indonesia. Report to the US Chamber of Commerce. Melbourne: Victoria Institute of Strategic Economic Studies, Victoria University; 2016. Accessed March 23, 2021. https://www.uschamber.com/assets/archived/images/documents/files/indonesia_study_.pdfKontsevaya AN, Drapkina OM, Balanova YuA, Imaeva AE, Suvorova EI, Khudyakov MB. Economic burden of cardiovascular diseases in the Russian Federation in 2016. Ratsional’naya Farmakoterapiya v Kardiologii. 2018;14(2):156–166. (In Russ.) doi: 10.20996/1819-6446-2018-14-2-156-166Kontsevaya AN, Drapkina OM, Balanova YuA, Imaeva AE, Suvorova EI, Khudyakov MB. Economic burden of cardiovascular diseases in the Russian Federation in 2016. Ratsional’naya Farmakoterapiya v Kardiologii. 2018;14(2):156–166. (In Russ.) doi: 10.20996/1819-6446-2018-14-2-156-166Kotseva K, Gerlier L, Sidelnikov E, et al. Patient and caregiver productivity loss and indirect costs associated with cardiovascular events in Europe. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2019;26(11):1150–1157. doi: 10.1177/2047487319834770Kotseva K, Gerlier L, Sidelnikov E, et al. Patient and caregiver productivity loss and indirect costs associated with cardiovascular events in Europe. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2019;26(11):1150–1157. doi: 10.1177/2047487319834770Preventing Noncommunicable Diseases in the Workplace through Diet and Physical Activity: WHO/World Economic Forum Report of a Joint Event. Geneva: WHO; 2008. Accessed March 23, 2021. https://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/WHOWEF_report_JAN2008_FINAL.pdfPreventing Noncommunicable Diseases in the Workplace through Diet and Physical Activity: WHO/World Economic Forum Report of a Joint Event. Geneva: WHO; 2008. Accessed March 23, 2021. https://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/WHOWEF_report_JAN2008_FINAL.pdfYusuf S, Joseph P, Rangarajan S, et al. Modifiable risk factors, cardiovascular disease, and mortality in 155 722 individuals from 21 high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries (PURE): A prospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395(10226):795–808. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(19)32008-2Yusuf S, Joseph P, Rangarajan S, et al. Modifiable risk factors, cardiovascular disease, and mortality in 155 722 individuals from 21 high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries (PURE): A prospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395(10226):795–808. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(19)32008-2Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases in the WHO European Region 2016–2025. Copenhagen: World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe; 2016. Accessed March 23, 2021. https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/noncommunicable-diseases/pages/policy/publications/action-plan-for-the-prevention-and-control-of-noncommunicable-diseases-in-the-who-european-region-20162025Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases in the WHO European Region 2016–2025. Copenhagen: World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe; 2016. Accessed March 23, 2021. https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/noncommunicable-diseases/pages/policy/publications/action-plan-for-the-prevention-and-control-of-noncommunicable-diseases-in-the-who-european-region-20162025Stewart WF, Ricci JA, Chee E, Morganstein D. Lost productive work time costs from health conditions in the United States: Results from the American Productivity Audit. J Оccup Environ Med. 2003;45(12):1234–1246. doi: 10.1097/01.jom.0000099999.27348.78Stewart WF, Ricci JA, Chee E, Morganstein D. Lost productive work time costs from health conditions in the United States: Results from the American Productivity Audit. J Оccup Environ Med. 2003;45(12):1234–1246. doi: 10.1097/01.jom.0000099999.27348.78Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. J Clin Epidemiol. 2009; 62(10):e1–e34. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.06.006Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. J Clin Epidemiol. 2009; 62(10):e1–e34. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.06.006Methley AM, Campbell S, Chew-Graham C, McNally R, Cheraghi-Sohi S. PICO, PICOS and SPIDER: A comparison study of specificity and sensitivity in three search tools for qualitative systematic reviews. BMC Health Serv Res, 2014;14:579. doi: 10.1186/s12913-014-0579-0Methley AM, Campbell S, Chew-Graham C, McNally R, Cheraghi-Sohi S. PICO, PICOS and SPIDER: A comparison study of specificity and sensitivity in three search tools for qualitative systematic reviews. BMC Health Serv Res, 2014;14:579. doi: 10.1186/s12913-014-0579-0Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: Guidelines for Assessment and Management of Total Cardiovascular Risk. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2007. Accessed March 23, 2021. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/43685Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: Guidelines for Assessment and Management of Total Cardiovascular Risk. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2007. Accessed March 23, 2021. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/43685Conroy RM, Pyörälä K, Fitzgerald AP, et al; SCOPE project group. Estimation of ten-year risk of fatal cardiovascular disease in Europe: The SCORE project. Eur Heart J. 2003;24(11):987–1003. doi: 10.1016/s0195-668x(03)00114-3Conroy RM, Pyörälä K, Fitzgerald AP, et al; SCOPE project group. Estimation of ten-year risk of fatal cardiovascular disease in Europe: The SCORE project. Eur Heart J. 2003;24(11):987–1003. doi: 10.1016/s0195-668x(03)00114-3Virani SS, Alonso A, Benjamin EJ, et al; American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2020 update: A report from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 2020;141(9):e139–e596. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000757Virani SS, Alonso A, Benjamin EJ, et al; American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2020 update: A report from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 2020;141(9):e139–e596. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000757Akgöz AD, Gözüm S. Effectiveness of a nurse-led physical activity intervention to decrease cardiovascular disease risk in middle-aged adults: A pilot randomized controlled study. J Vasc Nurs. 2020;38(3):140–148. doi: 10.1016/j.jvn.2020.05.002Akgöz AD, Gözüm S. Effectiveness of a nurse-led physical activity intervention to decrease cardiovascular disease risk in middle-aged adults: A pilot randomized controlled study. J Vasc Nurs. 2020;38(3):140–148. doi: 10.1016/j.jvn.2020.05.002Haslam C, Kazi A, Duncan M, Clemes S, Twumasi R. Walking works wonders: A tailored workplace intervention evaluated over 24 months. Ergonomics. 2019;62(1):31–41. doi: 10.1080/00140139.2018.1489982Haslam C, Kazi A, Duncan M, Clemes S, Twumasi R. Walking works wonders: A tailored workplace intervention evaluated over 24 months. Ergonomics. 2019;62(1):31–41. doi: 10.1080/00140139.2018.1489982Lennefer T, Lopper E, Wiedemann AU, Hess U, Hoppe A. Improving employees’ work-related well-being and physical health through a technology-based physical activity intervention: A randomized intervention-control group study. J Occup Health Psychol. 2020;25(2):143–158. doi: 10.1037/ocp0000169Lennefer T, Lopper E, Wiedemann AU, Hess U, Hoppe A. Improving employees’ work-related well-being and physical health through a technology-based physical activity intervention: A randomized intervention-control group study. J Occup Health Psychol. 2020;25(2):143–158. doi: 10.1037/ocp0000169Murphy MH, Murtagh EM, Boreham CA, Hare LG, Nevill AM. The effect of a worksite based walking programme on cardiovascular risk in previously sedentary civil servants [NCT00284479]. BMC Public Health. 2006;6:136. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-6-136Murphy MH, Murtagh EM, Boreham CA, Hare LG, Nevill AM. The effect of a worksite based walking programme on cardiovascular risk in previously sedentary civil servants [NCT00284479]. BMC Public Health. 2006;6:136. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-6-136Skogstad M, Lunde LK, Skare O, et al. Physical activity initiated by employer and its health effects; an eight week follow-up study. BMC Public Health. 2016;16:377. doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-3035-8Skogstad M, Lunde LK, Skare O, et al. Physical activity initiated by employer and its health effects; an eight week follow-up study. BMC Public Health. 2016;16:377. doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-3035-8Alkhatib A. High prevalence of sedentary risk factors amongst university employees and potential health benefits of campus workplace exercise intervention. Work. 2015;52(3):589–595. doi: 10.3233/WOR-152182Alkhatib A. High prevalence of sedentary risk factors amongst university employees and potential health benefits of campus workplace exercise intervention. Work. 2015;52(3):589–595. doi: 10.3233/WOR-152182Yuan SC, Chou MC, Hwu LJ, Chang YO, Hsu WH, Kuo HW. An intervention program to promote health-related physical fitness in nurses. J Clin Nurs. 2009;18(10):1404– 1411. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2008.02699.xYuan SC, Chou MC, Hwu LJ, Chang YO, Hsu WH, Kuo HW. An intervention program to promote health-related physical fitness in nurses. J Clin Nurs. 2009;18(10):1404– 1411. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2008.02699.xRasmussen CL, Nielsen L, Henriksen ML, et al. Acute effect on ambulatory blood pressure from aerobic exercise: A randomised cross-over study among female cleaners. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2018;118(2):331–338. doi: 10.1007/s00421-017-3773-zRasmussen CL, Nielsen L, Henriksen ML, et al. Acute effect on ambulatory blood pressure from aerobic exercise: A randomised cross-over study among female cleaners. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2018;118(2):331–338. doi: 10.1007/s00421-017-3773-zGram B, Holtermann A, Søgaard K, Sjøgaard G. Effect of individualized worksite exercise training on aerobic capacity and muscle strength among construction workers – a randomized controlled intervention study. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2012;38(5):467–475. doi: 10.5271/sjweh.3260Gram B, Holtermann A, Søgaard K, Sjøgaard G. Effect of individualized worksite exercise training on aerobic capacity and muscle strength among construction workers – a randomized controlled intervention study. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2012;38(5):467–475. doi: 10.5271/sjweh.3260Pedersen MT, Blangsted AK, Andersen LL, Jørgensen MB, Hansen EA, Sjøgaard G. The effect of worksite physical activity intervention on physical capacity, health, and productivity: A 1-year randomized controlled trial. J Occup Environ Med. 2009;51(7):759–770. doi: 10.1097/jom.0b013e3181a8663aPedersen MT, Blangsted AK, Andersen LL, Jørgensen MB, Hansen EA, Sjøgaard G. The effect of worksite physical activity intervention on physical capacity, health, and productivity: A 1-year randomized controlled trial. J Occup Environ Med. 2009;51(7):759–770. doi: 10.1097/jom.0b013e3181a8663aKorshøj M, Krustrup P, Jespersen T, Søgaard K, Skotte JH, Holtermann A. A 24-h assessment of physical activity and cardio-respiratory fitness among female hospital cleaners: A pilot study. Ergonomics. 2013;56(6):935–943. doi: 10.1080/00140139.2013.782427Korshøj M, Krustrup P, Jespersen T, Søgaard K, Skotte JH, Holtermann A. A 24-h assessment of physical activity and cardio-respiratory fitness among female hospital cleaners: A pilot study. Ergonomics. 2013;56(6):935–943. doi: 10.1080/00140139.2013.782427Korshøj M, Lidegaard M, Krustrup P, Jørgensen MB, Søgaard K, Holtermann A. Long term effects on risk factors for cardiovascular disease after 12-months of aerobic exercise intervention—a worksite RCT among cleaners. PloS One. 2016;11(8):e0158547. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158547Korshøj M, Lidegaard M, Krustrup P, Jørgensen MB, Søgaard K, Holtermann A. Long term effects on risk factors for cardiovascular disease after 12-months of aerobic exercise intervention—a worksite RCT among cleaners. PloS One. 2016;11(8):e0158547. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158547Korshøj M, Lidegaard M, Skotte JH, et al. Does aerobic exercise improve or impair cardiorespiratory fitness and health among cleaners? A cluster randomized controlled trial. Scan J Work Environ Health. 2015;41(2):140–152. doi: 10.5271/sjweh.3475Korshøj M, Lidegaard M, Skotte JH, et al. Does aerobic exercise improve or impair cardiorespiratory fitness and health among cleaners? A cluster randomized controlled trial. Scan J Work Environ Health. 2015;41(2):140–152. doi: 10.5271/sjweh.3475Butler CE, Clark BR, Burlis TL, Castillo JC, Racette SB. Physical activity for campus employees: A University Worksite Wellness Program. J Phys Act Health. 2015;12(4):470–476. doi: 10.1123/jpah.2013-0185Butler CE, Clark BR, Burlis TL, Castillo JC, Racette SB. Physical activity for campus employees: A University Worksite Wellness Program. J Phys Act Health. 2015;12(4):470–476. doi: 10.1123/jpah.2013-0185Maylor BD, Edwardson CL, Zakrzewski-Fruer JK, Champion RB, Bailey DP. Efficacy of a multicomponent intervention to reduce workplace sitting time in office workers: A cluster randomized controlled trial. J Occup Environ Med. 2018;60(9):787–795. doi: 10.1097/JOM.0000000000001366Maylor BD, Edwardson CL, Zakrzewski-Fruer JK, Champion RB, Bailey DP. Efficacy of a multicomponent intervention to reduce workplace sitting time in office workers: A cluster randomized controlled trial. J Occup Environ Med. 2018;60(9):787–795. doi: 10.1097/JOM.0000000000001366Racette SB, Deusinger SS, Inman CL, et al. Worksite Opportunities for Wellness (WOW): Effects on cardiovascular disease risk factors after 1 year. Prev Med. 2009;49(2–3):108–114. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2009.06.022Racette SB, Deusinger SS, Inman CL, et al. Worksite Opportunities for Wellness (WOW): Effects on cardiovascular disease risk factors after 1 year. Prev Med. 2009;49(2–3):108–114. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2009.06.022Remy C, Shubrook JH, Nakazawa M, Drozek D. Employer-funded Complete Health Improvement Program: Preliminary results of biomarker changes. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2017;117(5):293–300. doi: 10.7556/jaoa.2017.054Remy C, Shubrook JH, Nakazawa M, Drozek D. Employer-funded Complete Health Improvement Program: Preliminary results of biomarker changes. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2017;117(5):293–300. doi: 10.7556/jaoa.2017.054Shrivastava U, Fatma M, Mohan S, Singh P, Misra A. Randomized control trial for reduction of body weight, body fat patterning, and cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight worksite employees in Delhi, India. J Diabetes Res. 2017;2017:7254174. doi: 10.1155/2017/7254174Shrivastava U, Fatma M, Mohan S, Singh P, Misra A. Randomized control trial for reduction of body weight, body fat patterning, and cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight worksite employees in Delhi, India. J Diabetes Res. 2017;2017:7254174. doi: 10.1155/2017/7254174Thorndike AN, Sonnenberg L, Healey E, Myint-U K, Kvedar JC, Regan S. Prevention of weight gain following a worksite nutrition and exercise program: A randomized controlled trial. Am J Prev Med. 2012;43(1):27–33. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2012.02.029Thorndike AN, Sonnenberg L, Healey E, Myint-U K, Kvedar JC, Regan S. Prevention of weight gain following a worksite nutrition and exercise program: A randomized controlled trial. Am J Prev Med. 2012;43(1):27–33. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2012.02.029Brehm BJ, Gates DM, Singler M, Succop PA, D’Alessio DA. Environmental changes to control obesity: A randomized controlled trial in manufacturing companies. Am J Health Promot. 2011;25(5):334–340. doi: 10.4278/ajhp.090128-QUAN-37Brehm BJ, Gates DM, Singler M, Succop PA, D’Alessio DA. Environmental changes to control obesity: A randomized controlled trial in manufacturing companies. Am J Health Promot. 2011;25(5):334–340. doi: 10.4278/ajhp.090128-QUAN-37Holben DH, Rambo C, Howe C, Murray DH, Shubrook JH. Cardiovascular disease risk factors after an employer-based risk reduction program: An observational cohort study. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2017;117(7):425–432. doi: 10.7556/jaoa.2017.088Holben DH, Rambo C, Howe C, Murray DH, Shubrook JH. Cardiovascular disease risk factors after an employer-based risk reduction program: An observational cohort study. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2017;117(7):425–432. doi: 10.7556/jaoa.2017.088Nisbeth O, Klausen K, Andersen LB. Effectiveness of counselling over 1 year on changes in lifestyle and coronary heart disease risk factors. Patient Educ Couns. 2000;40(2):121–131. doi: 10.1016/S0738-3991(99)00053-1Nisbeth O, Klausen K, Andersen LB. Effectiveness of counselling over 1 year on changes in lifestyle and coronary heart disease risk factors. Patient Educ Couns. 2000;40(2):121–131. doi: 10.1016/S0738-3991(99)00053-1Viester L, Verhagen EALM, Bongers PM, van der Beek AJ. Effectiveness of a worksite intervention for male construction workers on dietary and physical activity behaviors, body mass index, and health outcomes: Results of a randomized controlled trial. Am J Health Promot. 2018;32(3):795–805. doi: 10.1177/0890117117694450Viester L, Verhagen EALM, Bongers PM, van der Beek AJ. Effectiveness of a worksite intervention for male construction workers on dietary and physical activity behaviors, body mass index, and health outcomes: Results of a randomized controlled trial. Am J Health Promot. 2018;32(3):795–805. doi: 10.1177/0890117117694450Bennett JB, Broome KM, Schwab-Pilley A, Gilmore P. A web-based approach to address cardiovascular risks in managers: Results of a randomized trial. J Occup Environ Med. 2011;53(8):911–918. doi: 10.1097/JOM.0b013e3182258bd8Bennett JB, Broome KM, Schwab-Pilley A, Gilmore P. A web-based approach to address cardiovascular risks in managers: Results of a randomized trial. J Occup Environ Med. 2011;53(8):911–918. doi: 10.1097/JOM.0b013e3182258bd8Groeneveld IF, Proper KI, van der Beek AJ, van Mechelen W. Sustained body weight reduction by an individual-based lifestyle intervention for workers in the construction industry at risk for cardiovascular disease: Results of a randomized controlled trial. Prev Med. 2010;51(3–4):240–246. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2010.07.021Groeneveld IF, Proper KI, van der Beek AJ, van Mechelen W. Sustained body weight reduction by an individual-based lifestyle intervention for workers in the construction industry at risk for cardiovascular disease: Results of a randomized controlled trial. Prev Med. 2010;51(3–4):240–246. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2010.07.021Deitz D, Cook RF, Hersch RK, Leaf S. Heart healthy online: An innovative approach to risk reduction in the workplace. J Occup Environ Med. 2014;56(5):547–553. doi: 10.1097/JOM.0000000000000148Deitz D, Cook RF, Hersch RK, Leaf S. Heart healthy online: An innovative approach to risk reduction in the workplace. J Occup Environ Med. 2014;56(5):547–553. doi: 10.1097/JOM.0000000000000148Kouwenhoven-Pasmooij TA, Robroek SJW, Kraaijenhagen RA, et al. Effectiveness of the blended-care lifestyle intervention “PerfectFit”: A cluster randomised trial in employees at risk for cardiovascular diseases. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):766. doi: 10.1186/s12889-018-5633-0Kouwenhoven-Pasmooij TA, Robroek SJW, Kraaijenhagen RA, et al. Effectiveness of the blended-care lifestyle intervention “PerfectFit”: A cluster randomised trial in employees at risk for cardiovascular diseases. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):766. doi: 10.1186/s12889-018-5633-0Carr LJ, Karvinen K, Peavler M, Smith R, Cangelosi K Multicomponent intervention to reduce daily sedentary time: A randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open. 2013;3(10):e003261. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003261Carr LJ, Karvinen K, Peavler M, Smith R, Cangelosi K Multicomponent intervention to reduce daily sedentary time: A randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open. 2013;3(10):e003261. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003261Graves LEF, Murphy RC, Shepherd SO, Cabot J, Hopkins ND. Evaluation of sit-stand workstations in an office setting: A randomised controlled trial. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:1145. doi: 10.1186/s12889-015-2469-8Graves LEF, Murphy RC, Shepherd SO, Cabot J, Hopkins ND. Evaluation of sit-stand workstations in an office setting: A randomised controlled trial. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:1145. doi: 10.1186/s12889-015-2469-8MacEwen BT, Saunders TJ, MacDonald DJ, Burr JF. Sit-stand desks to reduce workplace sitting time in office workers with abdominal obesity: A randomized controlled trial. J Phys Act Health. 2017;14(9):710–715. doi: 10.1123/jpah.2016-0384MacEwen BT, Saunders TJ, MacDonald DJ, Burr JF. Sit-stand desks to reduce workplace sitting time in office workers with abdominal obesity: A randomized controlled trial. J Phys Act Health. 2017;14(9):710–715. doi: 10.1123/jpah.2016-0384Beer-Borst S, Hayoz S, Eisenblätter J, et al. REAIM evaluation of a one-year trial of a combined educational and environmental workplace intervention to lower salt intake in Switzerland. Prev Med Rep. 2019;16:100982. doi: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.100982Beer-Borst S, Hayoz S, Eisenblätter J, et al. REAIM evaluation of a one-year trial of a combined educational and environmental workplace intervention to lower salt intake in Switzerland. Prev Med Rep. 2019;16:100982. doi: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.100982Healy GN, Winkler EAH, Eakin EG, et al. A cluster RCT to reduce workers’ sitting time: Impact on cardiometabolic biomarkers. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2017;49(10):2032– 2039. doi: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001328Healy GN, Winkler EAH, Eakin EG, et al. A cluster RCT to reduce workers’ sitting time: Impact on cardiometabolic biomarkers. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2017;49(10):2032– 2039. doi: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001328Rowland SA, Berg KE, Kupzyk KA, et al. Feasibility and effect of a peer modeling workplace physical activity intervention for women. Workplace Health Saf. 2018;66(9):428–436. doi: 10.1177/2165079917753690Rowland SA, Berg KE, Kupzyk KA, et al. Feasibility and effect of a peer modeling workplace physical activity intervention for women. Workplace Health Saf. 2018;66(9):428–436. doi: 10.1177/2165079917753690Viitasalo K, Kuosma E, Laitinen J, Härmä M. Effects of shift rotation and the flexibility of a shift system on daytime alertness and cardiovascular risk factors. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2018;34(3):198–205. doi: 10.5271/sjweh.1228Viitasalo K, Kuosma E, Laitinen J, Härmä M. Effects of shift rotation and the flexibility of a shift system on daytime alertness and cardiovascular risk factors. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2018;34(3):198–205. doi: 10.5271/sjweh.1228Anderson LM, Quinn TA, Glanz K, et al; Task Force on Community Preventive Services. The effectiveness of worksite nutrition and physical activity interventions for controlling employee overweight and obesity: A systematic review. Am J Prev Med. 2009;37(4):340–357. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2009.07.003Anderson LM, Quinn TA, Glanz K, et al; Task Force on Community Preventive Services. The effectiveness of worksite nutrition and physical activity interventions for controlling employee overweight and obesity: A systematic review. Am J Prev Med. 2009;37(4):340–357. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2009.07.003VanWormer JJ, Martinez AM, Benson GA, et al. Telephone counseling and home telemonitoring: The weigh by day trial. Am J Health Behav, 2009;33(4):445–454. doi: 10.5993/ajhb.33.4.10VanWormer JJ, Martinez AM, Benson GA, et al. Telephone counseling and home telemonitoring: The weigh by day trial. Am J Health Behav, 2009;33(4):445–454. doi: 10.5993/ajhb.33.4.10

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.