<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">sredob</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Здоровье населения и среда обитания – ЗНиСО</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Public Health and Life Environment – PH&amp;LE</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2219-5238</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-0788</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ФБУЗ ФЦГиЭ Роспотребнадзора</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.35627/2219-5238/2025-33-7-61-71</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">sredob-2441</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГИГИЕНА ТРУДА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Характеристика аэрозольной нагрузки на участках литейного производства предприятия машиностроения</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Characteristics of Aerosol Loading at Foundry Sites of an Automotive Industry Plant</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5738-818X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Волкова</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Volkova</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Волкова Мария Александровна – аспирант кафедры гигиены, медицины труда</p><p>ул. Бутлерова, д. 49, Казань, 420012</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Maria A. Volkova, postgraduate student, Department of Hygiene, Occupational Medicine</p><p>49 Butlerov Street, Kazan, 420012</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">maria.volkova@kazangmu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2479-2474</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тимербулатова</surname><given-names>Г. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Timerbulatova</surname><given-names>G. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Тимербулатова Гюзель Абдулхалимовна – к.м.н., доцент кафедры гигиены, медицины труда ФГБОУ ВО «Казанский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России, ФБУЗ «Центр гигиены и эпидемиологии в Республике Татарстан (Татарстан)»</p><p>ул. Бутлерова, д. 49, Казань, 420012</p><p>ул. Сеченова, д. 13а, Казань, 420061</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Guzel A. Timerbulatova, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor, Department of Hygiene, Occupational Medicine, Kazan State Medical University; Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Republic of Tatarstan</p><p>49 Butlerov Street, Kazan, 420012</p><p>13a Sechenov Street, Kazan, 420061</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ragura@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3558-8807</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Яппарова</surname><given-names>Л. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yapparova</surname><given-names>L. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Яппарова Ляйля Ильфатовна – аспирант кафедры гигиены, медицины труда</p><p>ул. Бутлерова, д. 49, Казань, 420012</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Laila I. Yapparova, postgraduate student, Department of Hygiene, Occupational Medicine</p><p>49 Butlerov Street, Kazan, 420012</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">yapparova.2015@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6075-0908</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Файзова</surname><given-names>Ю. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Faizova</surname><given-names>Yu. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Файзова Юлия Мударисовна – главный врач-директор ООО «Клиника-санаторий Набережные Челны»; ассистент кафедры гигиены, медицины труда ФГБОУ ВО «Казанский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России</p><p>ул. Бутлерова, д. 49, Казань, 420012</p><p>пр. Чулман, д. 61/4, г. Набережные Челны, 423800</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yulia M. Faizova, Chief Physician – Director of the Naberezhnye Chelny Clinic and Health Resort; Assistant, Department of Hygiene, Occupational Medicine, Kazan State Medical University</p><p>49 Butlerov Street, Kazan, 420012</p><p>61/4 Chulman Ave., Naberezhnye Chelny, 423800</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">cardio-chelny@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9506-563X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фатхутдинова</surname><given-names>Л. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Fatkhutdinova</surname><given-names>L. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Фатхутдинова Лилия Минвагизовна – д.м.н., профессор, заведующий кафедрой гигиены, медицины труда</p><p>ул. Бутлерова, д. 49, Казань, 420012</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Liliya M. Fatkhutdinova, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head of the Department of Hygiene, Occupational Medicine</p><p>49 Butlerov Street, Kazan, 420012</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">liliya.fatkhutdinova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Казанский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Kazan State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Казанский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России; ФБУЗ «Центр гигиены и эпидемиологии в Республике Татарстан (Татарстан)»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Kazan State Medical University; Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Republic of Tatarstan</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Казанский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России; ООО «Клиника-санаторий Набережные Челны»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Kazan State Medical University; Naberezhnye Chelny Clinic and Health Resort</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>08</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>33</volume><issue>7</issue><fpage>61</fpage><lpage>71</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Волкова М.А., Тимербулатова Г.А., Яппарова Л.И., Файзова Ю.М., Фатхутдинова Л.М., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Волкова М.А., Тимербулатова Г.А., Яппарова Л.И., Файзова Ю.М., Фатхутдинова Л.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Volkova M.A., Timerbulatova G.A., Yapparova L.I., Faizova Y.M., Fatkhutdinova L.M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://zniso.fcgie.ru/jour/article/view/2441">https://zniso.fcgie.ru/jour/article/view/2441</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. В результатах ранее проведенных исследований отсутствуют комплексные данные о составе промышленных аэрозолей современных литейных производств, что ограничивает возможности разработки адресных профилактических программ, учитывающих произошедшие за последние годы изменения производства.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель исследования</title><p>Цель исследования: углубленная характеристика качественного и количественного состава аэрозолей в воздухе рабочей зоны на различных производственных участках литейного завода предприятия автомобилестроения.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Исследование проводилось на производствах чугунного и цветного литья (плавильный, литейные, формовочный, стержневой, обрубочный участки). Пробы воздуха рабочей зоны отбирались одновременно в одних и тех же точках для определения среднесменной концентрации, фракционного и химического состава аэрозолей, содержания летучих органических соединений. Отбор проб проводился на кварцевые фильтры и картриджи с угольным абсорбентом с использованием индивидуальных пробоотборников, а для изучения фракционного состава аэрозоля – на поливинилхлоридные фильтры с использованием 8-ступенчатого каскадного импактора в аэродинамическом диапазоне менее 18 мкм.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Воздух рабочей зоны литейного производства загрязнен промышленными аэрозолями сложного состава. На всех исследованных участках взвешенные частицы, способные депонироваться в дыхательной системе, представлены респирабельными частицами и мелкодисперсной (10–18 мкм) частью экстраторакальной фракции. Выявлена высокая доля ультрадисперсных частиц в составе респирабельной фракции на плавильном и литейных участках. Содержание диоксида кремния не превышало 10 %. В пробах воздуха рабочей зоны обнаружены летучие органические соединения, обладающие раздражающим и сенсибилизирующим действием, а также отдаленными мутагенными, канцерогенными эффектами, потенциальной репродуктивной токсичностью.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Комбинированное воздействие аэрозолей фиброгенного характера, токсичных металлов и летучих органических соединений может повышать риски развития заболеваний органов дыхания. Наличие ультрадисперсной фракции обуславливает повышенную биологическую активность аэрозоля. Необходимы эпидемиологические исследования, а также разработка комплексных профилактических программ, учитывающих особенности современных литейных производств.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction: The results of previous studies lack comprehensive data on the composition of industrial aerosols at modern foundries, which limits opportunities of developing targeted preventive programs in view of recent technological changes.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective: An in-depth characterization of the qualitative and quantitative composition of aerosols in the workplace air at various production sites of the foundry of an automotive industry plant.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods: The study was conducted at iron and non-ferrous casting production facilities (smelting, casting, molding, core, and chipping sections). Workplace air samples were taken simultaneously at the same sites to establish the 8-hour time-weighted average concentration, fractional and chemical composition of aerosols, and concentrations of volatile organic compounds. Sampling was carried out on quartz filters and cartridges with carbon absorbent using personal samplers and on polyvinylchloride filters using an 8-stage cascade impactor to determine particle size distribution in the aerodynamic range of less than 18 μm.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results: The workplace air at the foundry was contaminated with industrial aerosols of complex composition. At all the sites, suspended particles capable of being deposited in the respiratory system were represented by the respirable fraction and the finely dispersed (10 to 18 μm) part of the extrathoracic fraction. We found a high proportion of ultrafine particles in the smelting and casting areas. The proportion of silica dust was within 10 %. Volatile organic compounds causing irritation and sensitization, having remote mutagenic and carcinogenic effects and potential reproductive toxicity were found in the air samples.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions: Combined exposures to fibrogenic aerosols, toxic metals, and volatile organic compounds may increase the risk of respiratory diseases. The presence of an ultrafine fraction accounts for increased biological activity of the aerosol. Epidemiological studies are needed, as well as the development of comprehensive preventive programs that consider specifics of modern foundries.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>литейное производство</kwd><kwd>аэрозоли в воздухе рабочей зоны</kwd><kwd>вдыхаемая</kwd><kwd>экстраторакальная</kwd><kwd>респирабельная и ультрадисперсная фракции</kwd><kwd>диоксид кремния</kwd><kwd>металлы</kwd><kwd>летучие органические соединения</kwd><kwd>каскадный импактор</kwd><kwd>атомно-эмиссионный метод с индуктивно связанной плазмой и масс-спектральным анализом</kwd><kwd>хромато-масс-спектрометрия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>foundry</kwd><kwd>workplace aerosols</kwd><kwd>inhalable</kwd><kwd>extrathoracic</kwd><kwd>respirable and ultrafine fractions</kwd><kwd>silica</kwd><kwd>metals</kwd><kwd>volatile organic compounds</kwd><kwd>cascade impactor</kwd><kwd>chromatography-mass spectrometry</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование поддержано грантом (соглашение № 1/22-7 от 15 июля 2022 года) Казанского государственного медицинского университета Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации, выделенным для проведения исследований в рамках программы «Приоритет 2030».</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was supported by a grant (agreement No. 1/22-7 of July 15, 2022) from the Kazan State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation allocated for conducting research within the framework of the Priority 2030 program.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бухтияров И.В., Тихонова Г.И., Бетц К.В Заболеваемость, инвалидность и смертность населения трудоспособного возраста в России // Медицина труда и промышленная экология. 2023. Т. 62. № 12. С. 791-796. doi: 10.31089/1026-9428-2022-62-12-791-796</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bukhtiyarov IV, Tikhonova GI, Betts KV, Bryleva MS, Gorchakova TYu, Churanova AN. Morbidity, disability and mortality of the working-age population in Russia. Meditsina Truda i Promyshlennaya Ekologiya. 2022;62(12):791-796. (In Russ.) doi: 10.31089/1026-9428-2022-62-12-791-796</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rantanen J, Muchiri F, Lehtinen S. Decent work, ILO’s response to the globalization of working life: Basic concepts and global implementation with special reference to occupational health. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(10):3351. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17103351</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rantanen J, Muchiri F, Lehtinen S. Decent work, ILO’s response to the globalization of working life: Basic concepts and global implementation with special reference to occupational health. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(10):3351. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17103351</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Максимова М.А. Оценка профессиональных рисков для работников литейного цеха // ХХI век. Техносферная безопасность. 2021. T. 6. №1 (21). С. 75-93. doi: 10.21285/2500-1582-2021-1-75-93</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maksimova MA. Assessment of professional risks for employees of the foundry of the “Production company” LLC (Irkutsk). XXI Vek. Tekhnosfernaya Bezopasnost’. 2021;6(1(21)):75-93. (In Russ.) doi: 10.21285/2500-1582-2021-1-75-93</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schulte P, Fischer FM, Iavicoli I, et al. The challenge of new forms of work, innovative technologies, and aging on decent work: Opportunities for occupational safety and health. Med Lav. 2024;115(5):e2024037. doi: 10.23749/mdl.v115i5.16421</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schulte P, Fischer FM, Iavicoli I, et al. The challenge of new forms of work, innovative technologies, and aging on decent work: Opportunities for occupational safety and health. Med Lav. 2024;115(5):e2024037. doi: 10.23749/mdl.v115i5.16421</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Протасов А.В. Внепечная металлургия на машиностроительных заводах // Черная металлургия. Бюллетень научно-технической и экономической информации. 2023. Т. 79. № 11. С. 901-914. doi: 10.32339/0135-5910-2023-11-901-914.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Protasov AV. Secondary metallurgy at machine-building plants. Chernaya Metallurgiya. Byulleten’ Nauchno-Tekhnicheskoy i Ekonomicheskoy Informatsii. 2023;79(11):901-914. (In Russ.) doi: 10.32339/0135-5910-2023-11-901-914</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ровин С.Л. Современный литейный цех – прототип энерго-эффективного экологически нейтрального производства будущего // Литье и металлургия. 2023. № 4. С. 25-29. doi: 10.21122/1683-6065-2023-4-25-29</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rovin SL. A modern foundry is a prototype of energy-efficient environmentally neutral production of the future. Lit’e i Metallurgiya. 2023;(4):25-29. (In Russ.) doi: 10.21122/1683-6065-2023-4-25-29</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Витязь П.А., Свидунович Н.А., Куис Д.В. и др. Модифицирование литейных сплавов наноструктурированными материалами // Литье и металлургия. 2021. № 2. С. 37-41. doi: 10.21122/1683-6065-2021-2-37-41</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vitiaz PA, Svidunovich NA, Kuis DV, Nikalaichyk YuA, Rovin SL. Modification of cast alloys nanostructured material. Lit’e i Metallurgiya. 2021;(2):37-41. (In Russ.) doi: 10.21122/1683-6065-2021-2-37-41</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Волкова М.А., Рахимзянов А.Р., Файзова Ю.М., Фатхутдинова Л.М. Особенности воздействия промышленных аэрозолей на дыхательную систему работников машиностроительного предприятия // Медицина труда и экология человека. 2023. № 3(35). С. 118-130. doi: 10.24412/2411-3794-2023-10309</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Volkova MA, Rakhimzyanov AR, Fayzova YuM, Fatkhutdinova LM. Features of the impact of industrial aerosols on the respiratory system of machine-building workers. Meditsina Truda i Ekologiya Cheloveka. 2023;(3(35)):118-130. (In Russ.) doi: 10.24412/2411-3794-2023-10309</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рузаков В.О. Биологические эффекты воздействия наночастиц меди: маркёры экспозиции // Гигиена и санитария. 2023. Т. 102. № 3. С. 292-298. doi: 10.47470/0016-9900-2023-102-3-292-298</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ruzakov VO. Biological effects of exposure to copper nanoparticles: Markers of exposure. Gigiena i Sanitariya. 2023;102(3):292-298. (In Russ.) doi: 10.47470/0016-9900-2023-102-3-292-298</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lenander-Ramirez A, Bryngelsson IL, Vihlborg P, Westberg H, Andersson L. Respirable dust and silica: Respiratory diseases among Swedish iron foundry workers. J Occup Environ Med. 2022;64(7):593-598. doi: 10.1097/JOM.0000000000002533</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lenander-Ramirez A, Bryngelsson IL, Vihlborg P, Westberg H, Andersson L. Respirable dust and silica: Respiratory diseases among Swedish iron foundry workers. J Occup Environ Med. 2022;64(7):593-598. doi: 10.1097/JOM.0000000000002533</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kuo CT, Chiu FF, Bao BY, Chang TY. Determination and prediction of respirable dust and crystalline-free silica in the Taiwanese foundry industry. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(10):2105. doi: 10.3390/ijerph15102105</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuo CT, Chiu FF, Bao BY, Chang TY. Determination and prediction of respirable dust and crystalline-free silica in the Taiwanese foundry industry. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(10):2105. doi: 10.3390/ijerph15102105</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pili S, Lecca LI, Pedrazzi T, et al. Exposure assessment to fine and ultrafine particulate matter during welding activity in the maintenance shop of a steelmaking factory. Heliyon. 2024;10(23):e40815. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e40815</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pili S, Lecca LI, Pedrazzi T, et al. Exposure assessment to fine and ultrafine particulate matter during welding activity in the maintenance shop of a steelmaking factory. Heliyon. 2024;10(23):e40815. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e40815</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu F, Qian H, Ma J, He P. A simple model for predicting dispersion characteristics of high-temperature airflow and particle distribution during smelting process in a thermally stratified foundry shop. Energy Build. 2023;278(9):112614. doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2022.112614</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu F, Qian H, Ma J, He P. A simple model for predicting dispersion characteristics of high-temperature airflow and particle distribution during smelting process in a thermally stratified foundry shop. Energy Build. 2023;278(9):112614. doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2022.112614</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kelvin M, Verpaele S, Gopalapillai Y, Poland C, Leybourne MI, Layton-Matthews D. Application of quantitative mineralogy to determine sources of airborne particles at a European copper smelter. Heliyon. 2023;9(3):e13803. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13803</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kelvin M, Verpaele S, Gopalapillai Y, Poland C, Leybourne MI, Layton-Matthews D. Application of quantitative mineralogy to determine sources of airborne particles at a European copper smelter. Heliyon. 2023;9(3):e13803. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13803</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tong R, Cheng M, Ma X, Yang Y, Liu Y, Li J. Quantitative health risk assessment of inhalation exposure to automobile foundry dust. Environ Geochem Health. 2019;41(5):2179-2193. doi: 10.1007/s10653-019-00277-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tong R, Cheng M, Ma X, Yang Y, Liu Y, Li J. Quantitative health risk assessment of inhalation exposure to automobile foundry dust. Environ Geochem Health. 2019;41(5):2179-2193. doi: 10.1007/s10653-019-00277-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Westberg H, Hedbrant A, Persson A, et al. Inflammatory and coagulatory markers and exposure to different size fractions of particle mass, number and surface area air concentrations in Swedish iron foundries, in particular respirable quartz. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2019;92(8):1087-1098. doi: 10.1007/s00420-019-01446-z</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Westberg H, Hedbrant A, Persson A, et al. Inflammatory and coagulatory markers and exposure to different size fractions of particle mass, number and surface area air concentrations in Swedish iron foundries, in particular respirable quartz. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2019;92(8):1087-1098. doi: 10.1007/s00420-019-01446-z</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Viitanen AK, Uuksulainen S, Koivisto AJ, Hämeri K, Kauppinen T. Workplace measurements of ultrafine particles – A literature review. Ann Work Expo Health. 2017;61(7):749-758. doi: 10.1093/annweh/wxx049</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Viitanen AK, Uuksulainen S, Koivisto AJ, Hämeri K, Kauppinen T. Workplace measurements of ultrafine particles – A literature review. Ann Work Expo Health. 2017;61(7):749-758. doi: 10.1093/annweh/wxx049</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Galey L, Audignon S, Brochard P, et al. Strategies to assess occupational exposure to airborne nanoparticles: Systematic review and recommendations. Saf Health Work. 2023;14(2):163-173. doi: 10.1016/j.shaw.2023.02.002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Galey L, Audignon S, Brochard P, et al. Strategies to assess occupational exposure to airborne nanoparticles: Systematic review and recommendations. Saf Health Work. 2023;14(2):163-173. doi: 10.1016/j.shaw.2023.02.002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">International Commission on Radiological Protection. Human Respiratory Tract Model for Radiological Protection. ICRP Publication 66. Ann ICRP. 1994;24(1-3). Accessed July 9, 2025. https://icrp.org/publication.asp?id=ICRP%20Publication%2066</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">International Commission on Radiological Protection. Human Respiratory Tract Model for Radiological Protection. ICRP Publication 66. Ann ICRP. 1994;24(1-3). Accessed July 9, 2025. https://icrp.org/publication.asp?id=ICRP%20Publication%2066</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шпагина Л.А., Зенкова М.А., Сапрыкин А.И. и др. Роль наночастиц промышленных аэрозолей в формировании профессиональной бронхолёгочной патологии // Медицина труда и промышленная экология. 2024. № 64(2). С. 111-120. doi: 10.31089/1026-9428-2024-64-2-111-120</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shpagina LA, Zenkova MA, Saprykin AI, et al. The role of nanoparticles of industrial aerosols in the formation of occupational bronchopulmonary pathology. Meditsina Truda i Promyshlennaya Ekologiya. 2024;64(2):111-120. (In Russ.) doi: 10.31089/1026-9428-2024-64-2-111-120</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Луценко Л.А., Ракитский В.Н., Ильницкая А.В., Егорова А.М., Гвоздева Л.Л. Особенности действия наноразмерных аэрозолей и меры безопасности // Медицина труда и промышленная экология. 2018. № 3. C. 6–11.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lutsenko LA, Rakitskiy VN, Il’nitskaya AV, Egorova AM, Gvozdeva LL. Features of nano aerosols action and safety measures. Meditsina Truda i Promyshlennaya Ekologiya. 2016;(3):6-11. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bellisario V, Garzaro G, Squillacioti G, et al. Occupational exposure to metal-based nanomaterials: A possible relationship between chemical composition and oxidative stress biomarkers. Antioxidants (Basel). 2024;13(6):676. doi: 10.3390/antiox13060676</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bellisario V, Garzaro G, Squillacioti G, et al. Occupational exposure to metal-based nanomaterials: A possible relationship between chemical composition and oxidative stress biomarkers. Antioxidants (Basel). 2024;13(6):676. doi: 10.3390/antiox13060676</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schulte PA, Leso V, Niang M, Iavicoli I. Current state of knowledge on the health effects of engineered nanomaterials in workers: A systematic review of human studies and epidemiological investigations. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2019;45(3):217-238. doi: 10.5271/sjweh.3800</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schulte PA, Leso V, Niang M, Iavicoli I. Current state of knowledge on the health effects of engineered nanomaterials in workers: A systematic review of human studies and epidemiological investigations. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2019;45(3):217-238. doi: 10.5271/sjweh.3800</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Forest V, Pourchez J, Pélissier C, Audignon Durand S, Vergnon JM, Fontana L. Relationship between occupational exposure to airborne nanoparticles, nanoparticle lung burden and lung diseases. Toxics. 2021;9(9):204. doi: 10.3390/toxics9090204</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Forest V, Pourchez J, Pélissier C, Audignon Durand S, Vergnon JM, Fontana L. Relationship between occupational exposure to airborne nanoparticles, nanoparticle lung burden and lung diseases. Toxics. 2021;9(9):204. doi: 10.3390/toxics9090204</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kapellos TS, Bonaguro L, Gemünd I, et al. Human monocyte subsets and phenotypes in major chronic inflammatory diseases. Front Immunol. 2019;10:2035. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02035</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kapellos TS, Bonaguro L, Gemünd I, et al. Human monocyte subsets and phenotypes in major chronic inflammatory diseases. Front Immunol. 2019;10:2035. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02035</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
