<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">sredob</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Здоровье населения и среда обитания – ЗНиСО</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Public Health and Life Environment – PH&amp;LE</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2219-5238</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-0788</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ФБУЗ ФЦГиЭ Роспотребнадзора</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.35627/2219-5238/2022-30-10-67-74</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">sredob-1184</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МЕДИЦИНА ТРУДА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Напряженность труда как фактор риска развития синдрома эмоционального выгорания и тревожно-депрессивных расстройств в различных профессиональных группах (обзор литературы)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Work Intensity as a Risk Factor for Burnout, Anxiety and Depressive Disorders in Various Occupational Cohorts: A Literature Review</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6915-0355</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Новикова</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Novikova</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., старший научный сотрудник Института общей и профессиональной патологии,</p><p>ул. Семашко, д. 2, г. Мытищи, Московская область, 141014</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), Senior Researcher, Institute of Common and Occupational Diseases,</p><p>2 Semashko Street, Mytishchi, Moscow Region, 141014</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">anna.v.novikova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1461-1761</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Широков</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shirokov</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, научный руководитель Института общей и профессиональной патологии,</p><p>ул. Семашко, д. 2, г. Мытищи, Московская область, 141014</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Scientific Director, Institute of Common and Occupational Diseases,</p><p>2 Semashko Street, Mytishchi, Moscow Region, 141014</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vashirokov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7929-9441</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Егорова</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Egorova</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., заведующая отделом медицины труда Института комплексных проблем гигиены,</p><p>ул. Семашко, д. 2, г. Мытищи, Московская область, 141014</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.), Head of the Department of Occupational Medicine, Institute of Complex Problems of Hygiene,</p><p>2 Semashko Street, Mytishchi, Moscow Region, 141014</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">egorovaam@fferisman.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Федеральный научный центр гигиены им. Ф.Ф. Эрисмана» Роспотребнадзора</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>F.F. Erisman Federal Research Center for Hygiene</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>27</day><month>10</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>10</issue><fpage>67</fpage><lpage>74</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Новикова А.В., Широков В.А., Егорова А.М., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Новикова А.В., Широков В.А., Егорова А.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Novikova A.V., Shirokov V.A., Egorova A.M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://zniso.fcgie.ru/jour/article/view/1184">https://zniso.fcgie.ru/jour/article/view/1184</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. В условиях интенсификации труда, внедрения информационных и коммуникационных технологий возникают риски развития синдрома эмоционального выгорания и тревожно-депрессивных расстройств у работающих в различных профессиональных группах.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: на основании анализа научных публикаций оценить распространенность нарушений психоэмоционального состояния у работающих в условиях повышенной напряженности трудового процесса для выявления предрасполагающих факторов, определения профессиональных групп риска и профилактики развития синдрома эмоционального выгорания и тревожно-депрессивных расстройств.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Осуществлен научный обзор исследований на русском и английском языках с использованием информационных порталов и платформ eLIBRARY.ru, Web of Science, PubMed и Scopus за период 2005–2022 гг. Поиск осуществлялся по ключевым словам: напряженность труда, синдром эмоционального выгорания, тревожные расстройства, депрессия. Были включены проспективные исследования, в которых нервно-психическое напряжение на рабочем месте анализировалось как условие воздействия. Из 282 первоначально выявленных статей после первичного анализа была отобрана 51 публикация, содержащая доказанную оценку рисков появления и развития нарушений психоэмоционального состояния у работающих в условиях нервно-психического перенапряжения.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. В ходе проведенного обобщения и систематизации результатов научных исследований выявлена высокая распространенность нарушений психоэмоционального состояния у работающих в различных профессиональных группах: у медицинских сестер, врачей различных специальностей, учителей, психологов, журналистов, спортсменов, работников полиции и службы исполнения наказаний, сотрудников экстренных служб. Обсуждаются особенности клинических проявлений синдрома эмоционального выгорания и тревожно-депрессивных расстройств у работающих в условиях повышенной напряженности. Выделены психосоциальные факторы риска формирования синдрома эмоционального выгорания и тревожно-депрессивных расстройств: неопределенность ролей, ролевой конфликт, ролевой стресс, стрессовые события, рабочая нагрузка и давление на работе. Показана связь синдрома эмоционального выгорания с различными соматическими заболеваниями.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Отмечается необходимость оценки психосоциальных факторов на рабочем месте, а также диагностика психоэмоционального состояния работника с целью раннего выявления синдрома эмоционального выгорания и тревожно-депрессивных состояний и уменьшения их негативных последствий на индивидуальном и общественном уровнях. Предложено внедрение в отечественную медицинскую практику международного инструмента COPSOQ для комплексной персональной оценки психосоциальных факторов и возможности проведения профилактических мероприятий на рабочем месте. </p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction: Under current conditions of work intensification and introduction of information and communication technologies, there arise risks of developing the syndrome of emotional burnout, anxiety and depressive disorders among workers in various occupational cohorts.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective: To analyze scientific publications and to establish the prevalence of psychological and emotional problems among people working under conditions of increased work intensity in order to identify predisposing factors, determine occupational cohorts at risk, and prevent burnout, anxiety and depressive disorders.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods: A scientific review of studies published in 2005–2022 in the Russian and English languages was carried out using such information platforms and databases as eLIBRARY.ru, Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus. The search terms included work intensity, burnout syndrome, anxiety disorders, and depression. We chose prospective studies, in which neuropsychic stress at the workplace was assessed as an occupational health risk. Of 282 search results, 51 publications on psychological and emotional ill-being posed by neuropsychic overstrain were found eligible for inclusion in this review.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results: We established a high prevalence of psychological and emotional problems among workers in various occupational cohorts, including nurses, medical doctors of various specialties, teachers, psychologists, journalists, athletes, policemen and penitentiary police officers, emergency service members. Features of clinical manifestations of burnout symptoms, anxiety and depressive disorders in workers experiencing increased tension were discussed. Our findings showed that psychosocial risk factors for burnout, anxiety and depressive disorders were role uncertainty, role conflict, role stress, stressful events, workload, and pressure at work, and that burnout was associated with various non-occupational diseases.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion: We highlight the necessity of assessing psychosocial factors at workplaces and screening for psychological and emotional disorders of employees for early diagnosis of burnout and related conditions and elimination of their negative outcomes at the individual and societal levels. We propose introduction of the international COPSOQ tool (the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire) into domestic healthcare practice to conduct a comprehensive individual assessment of psychosocial factors and to facilitate timely and appropriate preventive measures at work. </p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>напряженность трудового процесса</kwd><kwd>психосоциальные факторы</kwd><kwd>синдром эмоционального выгорания</kwd><kwd>депрессия</kwd><kwd>анкетирование</kwd><kwd>обзор литературы</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>work intensity</kwd><kwd>psychosocial factors</kwd><kwd>burnout syndrome</kwd><kwd>depression</kwd><kwd>questioning</kwd><kwd>literature review</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Садовая Е.С. Цифровая экономика и новая парадигма рынка труда // Мировая экономика и международные отношения. 2018. Т. 62. № 12. С. 35–45. doi: 10.20542/0131-2227-2018-62-12-35-45</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sadovaya ES. Digital economy and a new paradigm of the labor market. Mirovaya Ekonomika i Mezhdunarodnye Otnosheniya. 2018;62(12):35-45. (In Russ.) doi: 10.20542/0131-2227-2018-62-12-35-45</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ковальчук О.В. Современные тренды на рынке труда в России // Азимут научных исследований: экономика и управление. 2021. Т. 10. № 3 (36). С. 183–186. doi: 10.26140/anie-2021-1003-0042</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kovalchuk OV. Current trends in the labor market in Russia Azimut Nauchnykh Issledovaniy: Ekonomika i Upravlenie. 2021;10(3(36)):183-186. (In Russ.) doi: 10.26140/anie-2021-1003-0042</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wekenborg MK, von Dawans B, Hill LK, Thayer JF, Penz M, Kirschbaum C. Examining reactivity patterns in burnout and other indicators of chronic stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2019;106:195-205. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.04.002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wekenborg MK, von Dawans B, Hill LK, Thayer JF, Penz M, Kirschbaum C. Examining reactivity patterns in burnout and other indicators of chronic stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2019;106:195-205. doi: 10.1016/j. psyneuen.2019.04.002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Меркулова А.Г., Калинина С.А. Оценка фактора напряженности труда в рамках специальной оценки условий труда // Медицина труда и промышленная экология. 2017. № 9. С. 126.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Merkulova AG, Kalinina SA. Assessment of work intensity factor within special evaluation of working conditions. Meditsina Truda i Promyshlennaya Ekologiya. 2017;(9):126. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Encrenaz G, Laberon S, Lagabrielle C, Debruyne G, Pouyaud J, Rascle N. Psychosocial risks in small enterprises: The mediating role of perceived working conditions in the relationship between enterprise size and workers' anxious or depressive episodes. Int J Occup Saf Ergon. 2019;25(3):485-494. doi: 10.1080/10803548.2018.1452457</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Encrenaz G, Laberon S, Lagabrielle C, Debruyne G, Pouyaud J, Rascle N. Psychosocial risks in small enterprises: The mediating role of perceived working conditions in the relationship between enterprise size and workers' anxious or depressive episodes. Int J Occup Saf Ergon. 2019;25(3):485-494. doi: 10.1080/10803548.2018.1452457</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Юшкова О.И. Бухтияров И.В. Критерии оценки труда по степени напряженности // Медицина труда и промышленная экология. 2019. Т. 59. № 9. С. 826–827. doi: 10.31089/1026-9428-2019-59-9-826-827</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yushkova OI, Bukhtiyarov IV. Criteria for estimation of labor by degree. Meditsina Truda i Promyshlennaya Ekologiya. 2019;59(9):826-827. (In Russ.) doi: 10.31089/1026-9428-2019-59-9-826-827</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Филатова И.А. Об объективной оценке напряженности труда при проведении специальной оценки условий труда в строительстве / И.А. Филатова // Балтийский морской форум: материалы VIII Международного Балтийского морского форума: в 6 т., Калининград, 05–10 октября 2020 года. Калининград: Калининградский государственный технический университет. 2020. С. 559–562.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Filatova IA. On objective assessment of labor strength in conducting a special assessment of working conditions in construction. In: Proceedings of the Eighth International Baltic Sea Forum, Kaliningrad, October 5–10, 2020. Kaliningrad: Kaliningrad State Technical University Publ.; 2020:559-562. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Панько Ю.В. Обоснование внедрения категоризации интеллектуальной напряженности труда // Экономика и предпринимательство. 2021. № 11(136). С. 287–291. doi: 10.34925/EIP.2021.11.136.060</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Panko IuV. Justification for the introduction of categorization of intellectual labor intensity. Ekonomika i Predprinimatel'stvo. 2021;(11(136)):287-291. (In Russ.) doi: 10.34925/EIP.2021.11.136.060</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бухтияров И.В., Юшкова О.И., Калинина С.А., Меркулова А.Г. Проблема оценки нервно-психических перегрузок и перенапряжения в медицине труда // Здоровье и безопасность на рабочем месте : Материалы II международного научного форума, Минск, 06–08 июня 2018 года. Минск: СООО «Регистр». 2018. С. 45–48. doi: 10.31089/978-985-7153-46-6-2018-1-2-45-48</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bukhtiyarov IV, Yushkova OI, Kalinina SA, Merkulova AG. The problem of evaluation of neuropsychic overloads and overstrain in occupational health. In: Health and Safety at Work: Proceedings of the Second International Scientific Forum, Minsk, June 6–8, 2018. Minsk: Registr Publ.; 2018:45-48. (In Russ.) doi: 10.31089/978-985-7153-46-6-2018-1-2-45-48</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Beck D, Lenhardt U. Consideration of psychosocial factors in workplace risk assessments: Findings from a company survey in Germany. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2019;92(3):435-451. doi: 10.1007/s00420-019- 01416-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Beck D, Lenhardt U. Consideration of psychosocial factors in workplace risk assessments: Findings from a company survey in Germany. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2019;92(3):435-451. doi: 10.1007/s00420-019-01416-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пряжников Н.С. Напряженность труда: методы оценки и профилактики // Управленческие науки в современном мире. 2015. Т. 1. № 1. С. 533–538.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pryazhnikov NS. Work intensity: Methods of evaluation and prophylaxis. Upravlencheskie Nauki v Sovremennom Mire. 2015;1(1):533-538. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shahidi FV, Gignac MAM, Oudyk J, Smith PM. Assessing the psychosocial work environment in relation to mental health: A comprehensive approach. Ann Work Expo Health. 2021;65(4):418-431. doi: 10.1093/annweh/wxaa130</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shahidi FV, Gignac MAM, Oudyk J, Smith PM. Assessing the psychosocial work environment in relation to mental health: A comprehensive approach. Ann Work Expo Health. 2021;65(4):418-431. doi: 10.1093/annweh/wxaa130</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kaushik A, Ravikiran SR, Suprasanna K, Nayak MG, Baliga K, Acharya SD. Depression, anxiety, stress and workplace stressors among nurses in tertiary health care settings. Indian J Occup Environ Med. 2021;25(1):27- 32. doi: 10.4103/ijoem.IJOEM_123_20</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaushik A, Ravikiran SR, Suprasanna K, Nayak MG, Baliga K, Acharya SD. Depression, anxiety, stress and workplace stressors among nurses in tertiary health care settings. Indian J Occup Environ Med. 2021;25(1):27- 32. doi: 10.4103/ijoem.IJOEM_123_20</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Machado ICK, Bernardes JW, Monteiro JK, Marin AH. Stress, anxiety and depression among gastronomes: Association with workplace mobbing and work-family interaction. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2021;94(8):1797-1807. doi: 10.1007/s00420-021-01745-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Machado ICK, Bernardes JW, Monteiro JK, Marin AH. Stress, anxiety and depression among gastronomes: Association with workplace mobbing and work-family interaction. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2021;94(8):1797-1807. doi: 10.1007/s00420-021-01745-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chalmers T, Maharaj S, Lal S. Associations between workplace factors and depression and anxiety in Australian heavy vehicle truck drivers. Ann Work Expo Health. 2021;65(5):581-590. doi: 10.1093/annweh/wxaa134</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chalmers T, Maharaj S, Lal S. Associations between workplace factors and depression and anxiety in Australian heavy vehicle truck drivers. Ann Work Expo Health. 2021;65(5):581-590. doi: 10.1093/annweh/ wxaa134</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Niedhammer I, Coindre K, Memmi S, Bertrais S, Chastang JF. Working conditions and depression in the French national working population: Results from the SUMER study. J Psychiatr Res. 2020;123:178-186. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.01.003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Niedhammer I, Coindre K, Memmi S, Bertrais S, Chastang JF. Working conditions and depression in the French national working population: Results from the SUMER study. J Psychiatr Res. 2020;123:178-186. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.01.003</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schonfeld IS, Bianchi R, Palazzi S. What is the difference between depression and burnout? An ongoing debate. Riv Psichiatr. 2018;53(4):218-219. doi: 10.1708/2954.29699</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schonfeld IS, Bianchi R, Palazzi S. What is the difference between depression and burnout? An ongoing debate. Riv Psichiatr. 2018;53(4):218-219. doi: 10.1708/2954.29699</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Golonka K, Mojsa-Kaja J, Blukacz M, Gawłowska M, Marek T. Occupational burnout and its overlapping effect with depression and anxiety. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2019;32(2):229-244. doi: 10.13075/ijomeh.1896.01323</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Golonka K, Mojsa-Kaja J, Blukacz M, Gawłowska M, Marek T. Occupational burnout and its overlapping effect with depression and anxiety. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2019;32(2):229-244. doi: 10.13075/ijomeh.1896.01323</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koutsimani P, Montgomery A, Masoura E, Panagopoulou E. Burnout and cognitive performance. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(4):2145. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18042145</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koutsimani P, Montgomery A, Masoura E, Panagopoulou E. Burnout and cognitive performance. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(4):2145. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18042145</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">van Dijk DM, van Rhenen W, Murre JMJ, Verwijk E. Cognitive functioning, sleep quality, and work performance in non-clinical burnout: The role of working memory. PLoS One. 2020;15(4):e0231906. doi: 10.1371/ journal.pone.0231906</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">van Dijk DM, van Rhenen W, Murre JMJ, Verwijk E. Cognitive functioning, sleep quality, and work performance in non-clinical burnout: The role of working memory. PLoS One. 2020;15(4):e0231906. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231906</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kivimäki M, Kawachi I. Work stress as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2015;17(9):630. doi: 10.1007/s11886-015-0630-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kivimäki M, Kawachi I. Work stress as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2015;17(9):630. doi: 10.1007/s11886-015-0630-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mohsen A, Hakim S. Workplace stress and its relation to cardiovascular disease risk factors among bus drivers in Egypt. East Mediterr Health J. 2019;25(12):878-886. doi: 10.26719/emhj.19.056</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mohsen A, Hakim S. Workplace stress and its relation to cardiovascular disease risk factors among bus drivers in Egypt. East Mediterr Health J. 2019;25(12):878-886. doi: 10.26719/emhj.19.056</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ulguim FO, Renner JDP, Pohl HH, de Oliveira CF, Bragança GCM. Health workers: Cardiovascular risk and occupational stress. Rev Bras Med Trab. 2020;17(1):61- 68. doi: 10.5327/Z1679443520190302</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ulguim FO, Renner JDP, Pohl HH, de Oliveira CF, Bragança GCM. Health workers: Cardiovascular risk and occupational stress. Rev Bras Med Trab. 2020;17(1):61- 68. doi: 10.5327/Z1679443520190302</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kitaoka-Higashiguchi K, Morikawa Y, Miura K, et al. Burnout and risk factors for arteriosclerotic disease: Follow-up study. J Occup Health. 2009;51(2):123-131. doi: 10.1539/joh.l8104</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kitaoka-Higashiguchi K, Morikawa Y, Miura K, et al. Burnout and risk factors for arteriosclerotic disease: Follow-up study. J Occup Health. 2009;51(2):123-131. doi: 10.1539/joh.l8104</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Melamed S, Shirom A, Toker S, Shapira I. Burnout and risk of type 2 diabetes: A prospective study of apparently healthy employed persons. Psychosom Med. 2006;68(6):863-869. doi: 10.1097/01.psy.0000242860.24009.f0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Melamed S, Shirom A, Toker S, Shapira I. Burnout and risk of type 2 diabetes: A prospective study of apparently healthy employed persons. Psychosom Med. 2006;68(6):863-869. doi: 10.1097/01.psy.0000242860.24009.f0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Toker S, Melamed S, Berliner S, Zeltser D, Shapira I. Burnout and risk of coronary heart disease: A prospective study of 8838 employees. Psychosom Med. 2012;74(8):840-847. doi: 10.1097/PSY.0b013e31826c3174</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Toker S, Melamed S, Berliner S, Zeltser D, Shapira I. Burnout and risk of coronary heart disease: A prospective study of 8838 employees. Psychosom Med. 2012;74(8):840-847. doi: 10.1097/PSY.0b013e31826c3174</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Toppinen-Tanner S, Ahola K, Koskinen A, Väänänen A. Burnout predicts hospitalization for mental and cardiovascular disorders: 10-year prospective results from industrial sector. Stress Health. 2009;25(4):287–296. doi: 10.1002/smi.1282</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Toppinen-Tanner S, Ahola K, Koskinen A, Väänänen A. Burnout predicts hospitalization for mental and cardiovascular disorders: 10-year prospective results from industrial sector. Stress Health. 2009;25(4):287–296. doi: 10.1002/smi.1282</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Armon G, Melamed S, Shirom A, Shapira I. Elevated burnout predicts the onset of musculoskeletal pain among apparently healthy employees. J Occup Health Psychol. 2010;15(4):399-408. doi: 10.1037/a0020726</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Armon G, Melamed S, Shirom A, Shapira I. Elevated burnout predicts the onset of musculoskeletal pain among apparently healthy employees. J Occup Health Psychol. 2010;15(4):399-408. doi: 10.1037/a0020726</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Melamed S. Burnout and risk of regional musculoskeletal pain-a prospective study of apparently healthy employed adults. Stress Health. 2009; 25(4):313–321. doi: 10.1002/smi.1265</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Melamed S. Burnout and risk of regional musculoskeletal pain-a prospective study of apparently healthy employed adults. Stress Health. 2009; 25(4):313–321. doi: 10.1002/smi.1265</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grossi G, Thomtén J, Fandiño-Losada A, Soares JJ, Sundin Ö. Does burnout predict changes in pain experiences among women living in Sweden? A longitudinal study. Stress Health. 2009;25(4):297–311. doi: 10.1002/smi.1281</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grossi G, Thomtén J, Fandiño-Losada A, Soares JJ, Sundin Ö. Does burnout predict changes in pain experiences among women living in Sweden? A longitudinal study. Stress Health. 2009;25(4):297–311. doi: 10.1002/smi.1281</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim H, Ji J, Kao D. Burnout and physical health among social workers: A three-year longitudinal study. Soc Work. 2011;56(3):258-268. doi: 10.1093/sw/56.3.258</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim H, Ji J, Kao D. Burnout and physical health among social workers: A three-year longitudinal study. Soc Work. 2011;56(3):258-268. doi: 10.1093/sw/56.3.258</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ahola K, Salminen S, Toppinen-Tanner S, Koskinen A, Väänänen A. Occupational burnout and severe injuries: An eight-year prospective cohort study among Finnish forest industry workers. J Occup Health. 2013;55(6):450- 457. doi: 10.1539/joh.13-0021-oa</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ahola K, Salminen S, Toppinen-Tanner S, Koskinen A, Väänänen A. Occupational burnout and severe injuries: An eight-year prospective cohort study among Finnish forest industry workers. J Occup Health. 2013;55(6):450- 457. doi: 10.1539/joh.13-0021-oa</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fong TC, Ho RT, Ng SM. Psychometric properties of the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory-Chinese version. J Psychol. 2014;148(3):255-266. doi: 10.1080/00223980.2013.781498</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fong TC, Ho RT, Ng SM. Psychometric properties of the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory-Chinese version. J Psychol. 2014;148(3):255-266. doi: 10.1080/00223980.2013.781498</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Водопьянова Н.Е., Старченкова Е.С. От выгорания к обновлению: опыт и перспективы изучения синдрома выгорания в России // Национальный психологический журнал. 2006. № 1 (1). С. 126–130.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vodopyanova NE, Starchenkova ES. [From burnout to renewal: Experience and prospects for the burnout syndrome study in Russia.] Natsional’nyy Psikhologicheskiy Zhurnal. 2006;(1(1)):126-130 (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Любимкина Т.А. Иванова С.В. Проблемы оценки и управления психосоциальными рисками: российский и зарубежный опыт // ХХI век. Техносферная безопасность. 2021. Т. 6. № 2(22). С. 168–179. doi: 10.21285/2500-1582-2021-2-168-179</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lyubimkina TA, Ivanova SV. The issues of psychosocial risk assessment and management: Russian and foreign experience. XXI Vek. Tekhnosfernaya Bezopasnost’. 2021;6(2(22)):168-179. (In Russ.) doi: 10.21285/2500-1582-2021-2-168-179</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hall VP, White KM, Morrison J. The influence of leadership style and nurse empowerment on burnout. Nurs Clin North Am. 2022;57(1):131-141. doi: 10.1016/j. cnur.2021.11.009</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hall VP, White KM, Morrison J. The influence of leadership style and nurse empowerment on burnout. Nurs Clin North Am. 2022;57(1):131-141. doi: 10.1016/j.cnur.2021.11.009</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Agarwal SD, Pabo E, Rozenblum R, Sherritt KM. Professional dissonance and burnout in primary care: A qualitative study. JAMA Intern Med. 2020;180(3):395- 401. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.6326</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Agarwal SD, Pabo E, Rozenblum R, Sherritt KM. Professional dissonance and burnout in primary care: A qualitative study. JAMA Intern Med. 2020;180(3):395- 401. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.6326</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maslach C, Leiter MP. Understanding the burnout experience: Recent research and its implications for psychiatry. World Psychiatry. 2016;15(2):103-111. doi: 10.1002/wps.20311</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maslach C, Leiter MP. Understanding the burnout experience: Recent research and its implications for psychiatry. World Psychiatry. 2016;15(2):103-111. doi: 10.1002/wps.20311</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Leung J, Rioseco P, Munro P. Stress, satisfaction and burnout amongst Australian and New Zealand radiation oncologists. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol. 2015;59(1):115-124. doi: 10.1111/1754-9485.12217</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leung J, Rioseco P, Munro P. Stress, satisfaction and burnout amongst Australian and New Zealand radiation oncologists. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol. 2015;59(1):115-124. doi: 10.1111/1754-9485.12217</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pedditzi ML, Nonnis M, Nicotra EF. Teacher satisfaction in relationships with students and parents and burnout. Front Psychol. 2021;12:703130. doi: 10.3389/ fpsyg.2021.703130</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pedditzi ML, Nonnis M, Nicotra EF. Teacher satisfaction in relationships with students and parents and burnout. Front Psychol. 2021;12:703130. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.703130</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Simpson S, Simionato G, Smout M, et al. Burnout amongst clinical and counselling psychologist: The role of early maladaptive schemas and coping modes as vulnerability factors. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2019;26(1):35-46. doi: 10.1002/cpp.2328</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Simpson S, Simionato G, Smout M, et al. Burnout amongst clinical and counselling psychologist: The role of early maladaptive schemas and coping modes as vulnerability factors. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2019;26(1):35-46. doi: 10.1002/cpp.2328</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gascón S, Fueyo-Díaz R, Borao L, et al. Value conflict, lack of rewards, and sense of community as psychosocial risk factors of burnout in communication professionals (press, radio, and television). Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(2):365. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18020365</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gascón S, Fueyo-Díaz R, Borao L, et al. Value conflict, lack of rewards, and sense of community as psychosocial risk factors of burnout in communication professionals (press, radio, and television). Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(2):365. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18020365</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Groenewal PH, Putrino D, Norman MR. Burnout and motivation in sport. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2021;44(3):359-372. doi: 10.1016/j.psc.2021.04.008</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Groenewal PH, Putrino D, Norman MR. Burnout and motivation in sport. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2021;44(3):359-372. doi: 10.1016/j.psc.2021.04.008</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Testoni I, Nencioni I, Ronconi L, Alemanno F, Zamperini A. Burnout, reasons for living and dehumanisation among Italian penitentiary police officers. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(9):3117. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17093117</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Testoni I, Nencioni I, Ronconi L, Alemanno F, Zamperini A. Burnout, reasons for living and dehumanisation among Italian penitentiary police officers. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(9):3117. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17093117</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jin X, Sun IY, Jiang S, Wang Y, Wen S. The impact of job characteristics on burnout among Chinese correctional workers. Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol. 2018;62(2):551-570. doi: 10.1177/0306624X16648419</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jin X, Sun IY, Jiang S, Wang Y, Wen S. The impact of job characteristics on burnout among Chinese correctional workers. Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol. 2018;62(2):551-570. doi: 10.1177/0306624X16648419</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carleton RN, Afifi TO, Taillieu T, et al. Anxiety-related psychopathology and chronic pain comorbidity among public safety personnel. J Anxiety Disord. 2018;55:48- 55. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.03.006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carleton RN, Afifi TO, Taillieu T, et al. Anxiety-related psychopathology and chronic pain comorbidity among public safety personnel. J Anxiety Disord. 2018;55:48- 55. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.03.006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Roy I. Le syndrome d’épuisement professionnel: définition, typologie et prise en charge [Burnout syndrome: definition, typology and management]. Soins Psychiatr. 2018;39(318):12-19. (In French.) doi: 10.1016/j. spsy.2018.06.005</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Roy I. Le syndrome d’épuisement professionnel: définition, typologie et prise en charge [Burnout syndrome: definition, typology and management]. Soins Psychiatr. 2018;39(318):12-19. (In French.) doi: 10.1016/j.spsy.2018.06.005</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чутко Л.С., Рожкова А.В., Сурушкина С.Ю., Анисимова Т.И., Дидур М.Д. Клинические проявления синдрома эмоционального выгорания // Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. C.C. Корсакова. 2019. Т. 119. № 1. С. 14–16. doi: 10.17116/jnevro201911901114</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chutko LS, Rozhkova AV, Surushkina SYu, Anisimova TI, Didur MD. Clinical manifestations of burnout. Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova. 2019;119(1):14-16. (In Russ.) doi: 10.17116/jnevro201911901114</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">von Känel R, van Nuffel M, Fuchs WJ. Risk assessment for job burnout with a mobile health web application using questionnaire data: A proof of concept study. Biopsychosoc Med. 2016;10:31. doi: 10.1186/s13030-016-0082-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">von Känel R, van Nuffel M, Fuchs WJ. Risk assessment for job burnout with a mobile health web application using questionnaire data: A proof of concept study. Biopsychosoc Med. 2016;10:31. doi: 10.1186/s13030-016-0082-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Colville GA, Smith JG, Brierley J, et al. Coping with staff burnout and work-related posttraumatic stress in intensive care. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2017;18(7):e267-e273. doi: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000001179</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Colville GA, Smith JG, Brierley J, et al. Coping with staff burnout and work-related posttraumatic stress in intensive care. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2017;18(7):e267-e273. doi: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000001179</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jones-Bitton A, Best C, MacTavish J, Fleming S, Hoy S. Stress, anxiety, depression, and resilience in Canadian farmers. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2020;55(2):229-236. doi: 10.1007/s00127-019-01738-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jones-Bitton A, Best C, MacTavish J, Fleming S, Hoy S. Stress, anxiety, depression, and resilience in Canadian farmers. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2020;55(2):229-236. doi: 10.1007/s00127-019-01738-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
